NAME : KHUSHI THAKKAR S.

BRANCH : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT : FFO (FLUID FLOW OPERATION)
ENROLLMENT NO : 08

TRANSPORTATION AND
METERING OF FLUIDS
 CONTENT

• PIPE,FITTINGS AND VALVES

• PUMPS
• FANS BLOWERS AND COMPRESSORS
• MEASUREMENT OF FLOWING FLUIDS
 PIPE,FITTINGS AND VALVES

Pipe Fittings used in piping work are mainly Elbow, Tee,

Reducer, Union, Coupling, Cross, Cap, Swage Nipple, Plug,
Bush, Expansion Joint, Adapters, Olet (Weldolet, Sockolet,
Elbowlet, Thredolet, Nipolet, Letrolet, Swepolet), Steam Traps,
Long Radius Bend, Flanges and Valve.
 PIPE FITTINGS

Pipe fittings are an important component of the plumbing

system. In plumbing, many types of fixtures are joined with the
help of various types of material as per the requirement.
Fittings are fixed in the plumbing system to join straight pipes
or any section of tubes. We can say that the water-supply
fittings like elbow, tee, socket, reducer, etc., are fitted to
change the direction of flow, distribute the water supply from
the main pipe to other pipes of equal size or lower size, etc.
Any part used in connection with water supply, distribution,
measurement, controlling, use and disposal of water is known
as a pipe fitting
TYPE OF FITTINGS FIG. 1 AND 2
 TYPE OF FITTINGS

• 1. Collar
• 2. Elbow
• 3. Gasket
• 4. Union
• 5. Reducer
• 6. Tee
• 7. Nipple
• 8. Trap
 • Collar

While joining two pipes in the same length, collar is used. Collar is fitted in the end of
pipe

• Elbow

It is installed at the time of joining two pipes. With the help of an elbow, the direction of liquid
is changed. Normally a 45° or 90° elbow is used. When the two sides of pipes differ in size, an
elbow of reducing size is used. This is called reducing type elbow or reducer type elbow. Elbows
are categorised as follows—
COLLAR FIG.3 Elbow fig.4
 Long Radius (LR) Elbows
• Here, the radius is 1.5 times the diameter of pipe.

Short Radius (LR) Elbows

• In this, the radius is 1.0 times the diameter of pipe.
90° Elbow
• This is used when the change in direction required is 90°
FIG.5 AND 6
45° Elbow
• This is used when the change in direction required is 45°
 Gasket
They are mechanical seals, generally ring-shaped type and fitted for sealing
flange joints. A flange joint is a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe
when fastened to the pipe. Gaskets are made as per by construction, materials
and features. Important gaskets used are nonmetallic, spiral-wound and ring-
joint type

FIG.7
 UNION

When two ends of pipes are joined, the pipe fitting used is
called union. A union is made of three parts namely a nut, a
male end and a female end. The male and female ends are
assembled with the support of the nuts, and necessary
pressure is made to connect the joint. Since the pairing ends of
the union are interchangeable, the union can be changed
easily in a short time
fig.8
 REDUCER

It is used to connect pipes of different diameters. A reducer

may be of various types like reducer tee, reducer elbow and
reducer socket
fig.9
 TEE

It is an important fitting with a side outlet at 900 to the run of

the pipe. Tees connect pipes of various diameters and help in
changing the direction of water or material in a pipe. Tees are
made in various sizes like equal or unequal. The equal tee is
most commonly used
fig.10
 NIPPLE

It is a piece of pipe having thread at both sides, and could be

used for short extension of plumbing lines. It can also be used
for connecting two fittings within small distance
 TRAP

It is a fitting in a P, U, S or J-shaped type . Traps are fitted near

a plumbing fixture. The trap bend is fitted to prevent sewer
gases from entering the building. If the gases are inserted back
into home, then it could lead to people inhaling foul smell,
which could cause illnesses. It could even explode.
fig.11
 CROSS

When four pipes are joined,a cross is formed. It is also called a cross
branch line or a four-way fitting . This fitting has three outlets and
one inlet. Cross fittings may deteriorate when temperatures change,
because cross fitting is made at the centre of the four connection
points. fig.12
 OFFSET

When an assembly of fittings on a pipeline makes one section of

pipe out of line and parallel to a second section, then it is known as
an offset . fig.13
 VALVES

For proper functioning of the pipeline, valves made of iron or

brass are used in the water-supply mains. Valves stop or
control the flow of fluid like liquid, gas, condensate, etc. These
are classified according to their usage like isolation, throttling
and non-return corrector. Various types of valves are
manufactured depending upon their use and type of
construction.
 SLUICE VALVE

It is fitted at an important place like at the entrance of a pipe. It

may be the start of a new pipe from a tank, or a number of
branches from the tank. This valve isolates the water-supply,
as and when required. The sluice valve is specified by the pipe
bore (diameter) of the water-way. The standard sizes are 50
mm, 65 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm and
300 mm. The sluice valves are classified as Class 1 and Class
2
fig.14
 SCOUR VALVE

This valve is provided at the lower level in a pipeline, so that

such sections can be supplied and drained for maintenance
purpose. The water is distributed into natural drains. It is
basically a sluice valve and the very nature of its use has
created the difference in the name
FIG.15
 AIR VALVE

It is fitted to release the air automatically when the pipe is filled

with water. This valve also permits entry of air when the pipe is
drained. This valve is fixed at the end of a communication pipe
and controls or stops the supply of water. This valve is
specified by the standard bore (diameter) of the socket or pipe
outlet, to which it is fitted. The standard sizes are 8 mm, 10
mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm and 50 mm . The
body components and washer plate are made of cast brass or
leaded tin bronze. The washers are made from fibre, leather,
rubber or nylon. This valve is available in two types: internally
threaded and externally threaded.
Air valve fig. 16
 GATE VALVE

It is used for starting or stopping flow. For a straight-line flow of

fluid, minimum flow restriction can also be done with gate
valve. In service, these valves are generally either fully open or
fully closed. These valves are used for various types of liquids
and make a tight seal when closed.
Gate valve fig. 17
 TYPES OF GATE VALVE

Gate valves have gates of wedge type, solid or split type, or

gate of double disc or parallel type. The movement of the gate
shall be by the internal or external screw on the spindle. The
spindle, which controls the flow of a liquid, can be of the rising
or non-rising type.
 PARALLEL SLIDE VALVE

It has two discs without spreading mechanism which slides

between the two parallel body seats. The activation of the
valve discs is by the internal and the external screw on the
spindle and the spindle may be of the rising or non-rising type
FIG.18
 GLOBE VALVE

It is a type of valve used for controlling flow in a pipeline. A

component of valve includes a movable disc element and a
stationary ring seat fitted in a generally spherical body. The
globe valve is used for controlling flow control
 ANGLE VALVE

It is used to control the movement of a fluid like liquids, gases,

fluidised solids, or slurries by opening, closing or partially
obstructing various pathways. This type of a valve generally
has a round body, in which the body ends are fitted at right
angles with each other and the disc moves up and down. The
valve is moved to action by the internal or external screw on
the spindle. The spindle may be of the rising or non-rising type.
FIG.19
 CHECK VALVE OR NON-RETURN VALVE

It is a valve which permits (fluid) water to move in one direction

but checks all the returning flow. It is operated by the pressure
above, having no external means of control
FIG.20
 FERRULE

It is used for connecting a service pipe to the water main. It is

usually made of non-ferrous metal and screwed to the main
pipe

fig.20
 FOOT VALVE

It is a valve used in the pump. It is also called check valve, as

it makes sure that the pump is ready to use. If the pump is off,
then the foot valve keeps enough fluid in the pump to ensure
that it can start again. In a well, the foot valve will be between
the water surface and the pump. In a water intake system, the
foot valve will be at the end of the water intake line. The foot
valve has a strainer on the outside which prevents obstructions
also
FIG.21
 FLOAT VALVE

It is used for stopping water when the water tank or flush toilet is
filled, so that it stops overflowing. When the water level rises, the
float also rises; once it rises to a pre-set level, the water level forces
the lever to close the valve and stops the water flow. A float valve is
a fitting used for filling water tanks as well as flush toilets
FIG.22
 PUMP

A pump is a mechanical device used to move gases, liquids,

or slurries. A pump moves liquids or gases from a lower
pressure to a higher pressure and is responsible for this
difference in pressure.

fig.23
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

• In this type, the fluid is moved with the help of a rotary. The
rotation of the rotary displaces the fluid from the reservoir to
the discharging pipe. Some of the common examples are:
internal gear, screw pump, flexible or sliding vane, flexible
impeller, circumferential pump, helical twisted roots, etc.
• A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped
volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive
displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the
suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
fig.24
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• Centrifugal pumps work by converting a rotational energy

from a motor to induce a flow or raise the pressure of liquid.
When a fluid enters from the suction end of the pump, the
impeller catches the fluids and then rotates, making the fluid
entering the pump rotate as well.
• Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise a liquid
from a low level to a high level. These pumps work on a very
simple mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts rotational
energy, often from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid.
fig.25
 FANS, BLOWERS & COMPRESSORSA

Fans, blowers & compressors are machines that move and

compress gases.Fans discharge large volumes of gas into
spaces or large ducts – are low-speed machines that generate
very low pressures, on the order of 0.04 atm.Blowers are high
speed rotary devices that develop a max. pressure of about 2
atm.Compressors are also positive-displacement or centrifugal
machines, discharge at pressure from 2 atm to several
thousand atmospheres.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FANS, BLOWERS & COMPRESSORS

Ratio of discharge pressure over suction pressureCompressors:Positive-

displacement compressorsRotary positive-displacement compressors
can be used for discharge pressures up to about 6 atm.These devices
include sliding-vane, screw-type, and liquid piston compressors. For high
to very high discharge pressures and modest flow rates, reciprocating
compressor are the most common type.These machines operate
mechanically in the same way as reciprocating pumps, with the
differences that leak prevention is more difficult and temperature rise is
important.The cylinder walls and cylinder heads are cored for cooling
jackets using water refrigerant.Reciprocating compressors are usually
motor-driven and nearly always double acting.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUMPS AND BLOWERS

• It is used for incompressible fluids.A pump is a machine for

raising a liquid to a higher level of pressure or
head.Equation,BlowerIt is used for compressible fluids.A
blower is a machine for moving volumes of a gas with
moderate increase of pressure.Equation,

• Efficiency is low.Maintenance cost is high.i.e. Positive-

displacement pump, Centrifugal pumpEfficiency is
high.Maintenance cost is low.i.e. Positive-displacement
blower, Centrifugal blower
 MEASUREMENT OF FLOWING FLUIDS

A Pitot-tube is used to measure fluid flow velocity. The tube is

pointed into the flow and the difference between the
stagnation pressure at the tip of the probe and the static
pressure at its side is measured, yielding the dynamic
pressure from which the fluid velocity is calculated using
Bernoulli's equation.
 WHEN MEASURING FLOW OF LIQUID WHAT ARE
THE TWO THINGS TO MEASURE

When measuring the flow of liquid, the two things which are
needed to be measured are, pressure energy and kinetic
energy. Explanation: This flow of liquid may be described
as fluid flow, i.e. a part of the fluid mechanics which deals
with fluid dynamics. The liquids or gases in motion are called
as fluid flows.
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLOW METERS

1. Differential Pressure Flow Meters

2. Positive Displacement Flow Meters
3. Velocity Flow Meters
4. Mass Flow Meters
5. Open Channel Flow Meters
 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW METERS

• Differential pressure flow meters measure the differential

pressure across an orifice where flow is directly related to the
square root of the differential pressure produced. There are
also primary and secondary elements in differential flow
meters. The primary element produces change in kinetic
energy using either flow nozzle, pitot tube, orifice plate, or
venturi flow meters. The secondary element measures the
differential pressure and provides the signal.
• Differential pressure meters represent around 1/5 of all flow
meters around the world. They are commonly used in the oil
& gas industry, along with HVAC, beverage, water, pharma,
mining, paper and chemical applications.
Differential Pressure Flow Meters
fig.26 and 27
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOW METERS

• Positive displacement (PD) flow meters measure the volume

filled with fluid, deliver it ahead and fill it again, which
calculates the amount of fluid transferred. It measures actual
flow of any fluid while all other types of flow meters measure
some other parameter and convert the values into flowrate.
In PD flow meters, output is directly related to the volume
passing through the flow meter. PD flow meters include
piston meters, oval-gear meters, nutating disk meters, rotary
vane type meters, etc.
• Positive displacement flow meters are known for their
accuracy. They are commonly used in the transfer of oils and
fluids, like gasoline, hydraulic fluids as well as in-home use
for water and gas applications.
Positive Displacement Flow Meters fig.28 and 29
 VELOCITY FLOW METERS

Velocity meters measure velocity of the stream to calculate the

volumetric flowrate. These are less sensitive when the
Reynolds number of fluid is higher than 10000. Velocity flow
meters include turbine, paddlewheel, vortex shedding,
electromagnetic and sonic/ultrasonic flow meters.
VELOCITY FLOW METERS FIG. 30 AND 31
 Mass Flow Meters

• Mass flow meters are more effective in mass related

processes as they measure the force that results from the
acceleration of mass. More specifically, the force is measured
as the mass moving per unit of time, instead of the volume
per unit of time. Mass flow meters include Coriolis mass
meters and thermal dispersion meters.
• Typical applications for mass flow meters are tied to chemical
processes. In addition to the chemical and gas industries,
typical industries using mass meters include pharma, power,
mining and wastewater.
MASS FLOW METERS FIG. 32
 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW METERS

• Measurement of liquid in open channels include v-notch,

weirs and flumes. These dam-like structures, or overflows,
allow for a limited or concentrated free-flow of liquids based
on the unique shape and size of the structure. This type of
flow meter allows for a reading of the flowrate to be
calculated.
• Common applications of open channel meters include free
flowing liquids like streams, rivers, irrigation channels and
sewer/watewater systems.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW METERS FIG. 33
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