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The BJT is biased in the forward active region by dc voltage sources VBE
and VCC = 10 V. The DC Q-point is set at, (VCE, IC) = (5 V, 1.5 mA) with IB
= 15 mA.
Total base-emitter voltage is: v V v
BE BE be
The MOSFET is biased in the saturation region by dc voltage sources VGS and
VDS = 10 V. The DC Q-point is set at (VDS, IDS) = (4.8 V, 1.56 mA) with VGS =
3.5 V.
Total gate-source voltage is: v V vgs
GS GS
A 1 V p-p change in vGS gives a 1.25 mA p-p change in iDS and a 4 V p-p change
in vDS. Notice the characteristic non-linear I/O relationship compared to the BJT.
A Practical BJT Amplifier using
Coupling and Bypass Capacitors
In a practical amplifier design, C1 and
C3 are large coupling capacitors or dc
blocking capacitors, their reactance (XC
= |ZC| = 1/wC) at signal frequency is
negligible. They are effective open
circuits for the circuit when DC bias is
considered.
• AC coupling through capacitors is C2 is a bypass capacitor. It provides a
used to inject an ac input signal and low impedance path for ac current from
extract the ac output signal without emitter to ground. It effectively
disturbing the DC Q-point removes RE (required for good Q-point
• Capacitors provide negligible stability) from the circuit when ac
impedance at frequencies of interest signals are considered.
and provide open circuits at dc.
DC and AC Analysis -- Application of
Superposition
• DC analysis:
– Find the DC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by open
circuits and inductors (if any) by short circuits.
– Find the DC Q-point from the equivalent circuit by using the
appropriate large-signal transistor model.
• AC analysis:
– Find the AC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short
circuits, inductors (if any) by open circuits, dc voltage sources by
ground connections and dc current sources by open circuits.
– Replace the transistor by its small-signal model (to be developed).
– Use this equivalent circuit to analyze the AC characteristics of the
amplifier.
– Combine the results of dc and ac analysis (superposition) to yield the
total voltages and currents in the circuit.
DC Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier
DC Equivalent Circuit
• The coupling and bypass capacitors are replaced by short circuits. The DC
voltage supplies are replaced with short circuits, which in this case connect
to ground.
AC Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier
(continued)
R R R 10k 30k
B 1 2
R R R 4.3k100k
C 3
Choose the Q-point at about (5 V, 5 mA) for this analysis. Notice the slope of the
DC current gain characteristic in this region. Ideally, the slope would be zero.
From Figure 3 for the 2N2222A BJT at the chosen Q-point…
o gmr F
o F
1
1
1 I
F
1 I
F
C i C I
F C Q po int F C Q po int
F 200100 5.6x103
at about IC = 5 mA and 25 °C
I 102 103
C
180 180
o
212 for F = 180
3 5.6x10 3
10.15
15x10
180
Small-Signal Analysis of the Complete
C-E Amplifier: AC Equivalent
C-E Amplifier Input Resistance