MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH GROUP 4

THE IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN’S “Healthy Women,

HEALTH Healthy World”
Several Reasons Why Women’s Health Issues
Must Be Given A Prominent Place In The
Global Health Agenda
Being born female can be dangerous to women’s health, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

In many societies women are subjected to discrimination and very prescribed roles, both of which can be
harmful to their health.

Women face a number of unique health problems by virtue of their sex and their place in society.

Morbidity, disability, and premature death of women can have enormous social and economic consequences on the
affected women, on their families, and comunities

Many relatively low-cost investments in the health of women would result in substantial numbers of deaths and disability-
adjusted life years.

Improving the education and health of women and their place in society is one of the most powerful and cost-effective
approaches that can be taken to promote social and economic development on society more broadly.
KEY LINKS BETWEEN WOMEN’S
HEALTH AND THE SDG’S
SDG’S 5 AND 16
Improvements in equity and empowerment will lead
to better education for females, more
incomeearning opportunities for them, and less
violence against them, all of which will improve their
health status.
The inclusion of these specific targets is a
recognition that addressing all forms of
violence and harmful practices against women
and girls is central to achieving gender equality
and women’s empowerment, which is essential
for sustainable development.
SDG’S 3 AND 4
Improving the health and nutritional status of
the mother is the starting point for reducing the
share of children born with low birthweight, a
major contributor to child morbidity and
mortality.
Improving the educational attainments of
females will lead to improvements in their
health and the health of their children.
SDG’S 1 AND 2
Poor health and nutritional status of women
is both a cause and an effect of poverty.
Enhancing the nutritional status of women
will improve their health and the health of
their babies, with many associated
beneficial consequences for both.
The Determinants Of
Women’s Health
THE DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH
Relate to

Sex Gender
THE DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH
Sex = biological
 Women have ovarium, estrogen, etc
 Men have vas deferens, testosterone, etc

Gender = cultural, social

 Women being gentle, neat, etc
 Men being strong, independent, etc
THE DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH

Biological Social
Determinants Determinants
BIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS Women Facing Numbers Of Biological
Risks
1. Menstruation  iron deficiency anemia
2. Pregnancy  complication of
pregnancy, diseases that may be
aggravated by pregnancy, and the
effects of unhealthy lifestyle choices
 Hemorrhage  maternal death
3. More susceptible to sexually
transmitted infections
 Greater mucosa area
4. Specific health conditions
 Uterine and ovarium cancer
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
Relate to gender norms which assign different
roles and values to males and females—
disadvantaged females.
1. The desire to have a boy as a first born
 Abort females

2. Females get breastfed less, fed less, and

less nutritious food
 Poor nutrition and more susceptible to illness
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
3. Low social status of women
 Don’t get health services without men’s permission
 Physically and sexually abused

4. Society expectation
 High levels of depression
The Burden Of Health
Condition For Woman
 Sex Selective Abortion
3 – 6 million female fetus were
aborted from 2001 - 2010

voluntary termination of pregnancy based on the

anticipated sex of the child (most often a girl)

Income, Knowlage, culture paradigm and access to

technology

Skewed ratio of males to females (Normally, 105

females born for every 100 males)
Female Genital Mutilation

125 million women have

had genital cutting

Piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing

closed all of part of girl’s or women’s
external genital for no medical reason

Ethnicity and education of mother

Terrible pain or shock, infertility, lead

neonatal death, infection, etc.
 Sexually Transmitted Infection

0,5 percent disease in low and

middle income country are STI

An infectious disease that spreads from person to

person during sexual contact

Bad sexual relation, young age, use of alcohol and

drugs.

Syphilis, gonorhea, clamydia, human papilloma

virus, and cervical cancer
 Violence and Sexual Abuse Against Woman

10–50% of women have been abused

physically at least once in their lives

rape, sexual assault, sexual molestation, sexual harassment, and

incest

Bad partner, socioeconomics, gender inequality, use of drugs and

alcohol

injuries, unwanted pregnancies, STIs, depression, and sometimes

permanent disability or death
 Maternal Mortality and Morbidity

289,000 maternal death

occurred in 2013

Womens deaths that occur during pregnancy, during

childbirth, or until 42 days after the baby is born

Nutritional dan general helath status, education,

mother’s condition, and income

Sick or death of baby and mother

 Unsafe Abortion
22 million unsafe abortion every year

Abortions that are performed by an untrained provider, with

inappropriate equipment, poor technique, and unhygienic conditions

Age of mother

Increase maternal death

 Obstetric Fistula
50,000 to 100,000 women each year
will suffer a fistula

a condition in which a hole opens up in a woman between the

bladder and the vagina or between the rectum and the vagina.

undernutrition, young age at first birth, and having had multiple

births, FGM, trauma and some traditional practices.

urine or feces leak through the vagina, socioecomics consequences

(terribly atigmatized)
The Differences between The Health of
Men and Woman
WOMEN HAVE A HIGHER LIFE EXPECTANCY AT
BIRTH THAN MEN
The genetic difference Women in • Live 1 year
between the sexes is Low- longer than
income men
associated with a better Country
resistance to biological
aging.
Women in • Live 7 years
High- longer than
income men
Country

Source: Haven, Haven, & Skolnik, (2016). Global Health 101 Second Edition..
FEMALES SUFFER A BURDEN OF DISEASE GREATER THAN
MALES
Females lose more
Females lose 80% than 60% more DALYs
more DALYs from from osteoarthritis
Alzheimer’s disease and age-related
vision disorders

Females lose more

than 50% more DALYs
than males from
depression

Source: Haven, Haven, & Skolnik, (2016). Global Health 101 Second Edition..
The Costs And Consequences Of
Women’s Health Problems
COST AND CONSQUENCES
When a mother dies, the death
usually has a profound impact
on the health of her children.
The economic costs are related
to women’s nutritional and
health conditions but these are
not often given the attention
they deserve. Example :
Pregnant woman need a lot of
nutritious food
THE MOST EFFECTIVE CHILD
INTERVENTION
CRITICAL CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

An overview of key The mother to be The newborn

interventions and the mother

Managing
Penumonia and Immunization
Diarrhea in Infants
and Young Children
COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES TO IMPROVING CHILD
HEALTH
Bangladesh
• Community based Bolivia
NGO, BRAC

Nepal Summaries
INTERGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
an approach that recognizes the importance of looking at the whole child and not
treating one symptom or providing one intervention without looking at other
possible needs.
• Improving overall health systems
• Improving the case management skills of
Focus healthcare workers
• Improving family and community health
practices
• IMCI can improve nutritional status and
reduce mortality
Development • IMCI is cost-effective and cost-saving,
compared to alternative approaches
• IMCI leads to better worker
performance126
Examples Of Successful Child
Health Initiatives
POLICY AND PROGRAM BRIEFS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Addressing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal

1
• Reducing Maternal Mortality in Tamil Nadu,
2 India

• Reducing Fertility in Bangladesh

3
Addressing Female Genital Cutting In Senegal

Developed and uses the

Community Empowerment
Program (CEP)
REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA
“ Three Delays”
1. Prevent unwanted pregnancies
2. Greater access to obstetric care
3. Provide access to emergency obstetric
care
REDUCING FERTILITY IN BANGLADESH

1. In 1975, the government of Bangladesh launched a program

to reduce the national birth rate.
2. The program had four components;
3. Information and contraceptive services.
4. Family planning methods
5. Family planning clinics in rural areas
6. Information, education, communication campaign
POLICY AND PROGRAM BRIEFS IN CHILD HEALTH

1. Kangaroo Mother Care for Low Birth weight Babies in

Indonesia

2. The Pneumococcal Vaccine

3. The Rotavirus Vaccine

KANGAROO MOTHER CARE FOR LOW BIRTH
WEIGHT BABIES IN INDONESIA
KMC could represent a best option for survival in
resource-poor communities with limited access to
incubators and limited means to pay for such services
THE PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
THE ROTAVIRUS VACCINE
 Global and regional estimates of violence against women:
prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence
REFERENSI and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2013.
The sustainable development goals, violence and women’s
and children’s health. [online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Hohmann. Sophie A, Et all. 2014. A framework for
analyzing sex-selective abortion: the example of changing
sex ratio in southern Caucasus. US: International Journal of
Womens Health. Accessed on May 5 2018 at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208631/
https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/female-genital-
cutting
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-
aids/glossary/654/sexually-transmitted-infection