TCP/IP

WHAT IS TCP/IP

 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

 It is a suite of communication protocol used to

interconnect network devices on the internet

 TCP/IP can also be used as a communication protocol

WHAT IS TCP/IP

 It also specify how data is exchanged over the internet by providing

end-to-end communication that identify how it should be broken
into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the
destination.

 TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to

make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically
from the failure of any device on the network
TCP Vs. IP

 TCP
 It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets
before they are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled
in the right order at the destination address

 IP
 Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to
determine where to forward the message.
 TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a
user or machine (a client) is provided a service (like sending a
webpage) by another computer (a server) in the network.

 TCP/IP suite of protocols is classified as stateless, which means each

client request is considered new because it is unrelated to previous
requests. Being stateless frees up network paths so they can be used
continuously.
 Application layer provides applications
with standardized data exchange.

 Transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-

end communications across the network.

 Network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with

packets and connects independent networks to
transport the packets across network boundaries.

 Physical layer consists of protocols that operate only on

a link -- the network component that interconnects
nodes or hosts in the network.
OSI MODEL
 OSI MODEL
 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a
reference model for how applications
communicate over a network. The purpose of the
OSI reference model is to guide vendors and
developers so the digital communication products
and software programs they create can
interoperate, and to facilitate a clear framework
that describes the functions of a networking or
telecommunication system.
OSI MODEL

 Application Layer is the one that users interact with. (“closest to the
end user”)

 Presentation Layer represents the area that is independent of data

representation at the application layer

 Session Layer is when two devices, computers or servers need to

“speak” with one another, a session needs to be created

 Transport Layer deals with the coordination of the data transfer

between end systems and hosts.
OSI MODEL

 Network Layer where you’ll find most of the router functionality that
most networking professionals care about.

 Data Link Layer provides node-to-node data transfer (between two

directly connected nodes), and also handles error correction from
the physical layer.

 Physical Layer represents the electrical and physical representation

of the system.
ARP PROCESS
ARP PROCESS

 Address Resolution itself is a two step process – a request and a

response. It starts with the initiator sending an ARP Request as a
broadcast frame to the entire network. This request must be a
broadcast, because at this point the initiator does not know the
target’s MAC address, and is therefore unable to send a unicast
frame to the target. Since it was a broadcast, all nodes on the
network will receive the ARP Request. The node which is the target
of the ARP Request will then send an ARP Response back to the
original sender. Since the target knows who sent the initial ARP
Request, it is able to send the ARP Response unicast, directly back to
the initiator.
ENCAPSULATION &
DECAPSULATION
ENCAPSULATION Vs. DECAPSULATION
 ENCAPSULATION
 The data moves from upper layer to the lower layer, and each layer
includes a bundle of information known as a header along with the
actual data. Encapsulation is the process of adding information to
the application layer data as it is sent through each model layer.
The data sent from the application layer has added a header with
information on TCP/UDP in the transport layer. Now the data is
known as a segment. When that segment reaches the internet
layer, the segment is added a header with IP addresses. Now it is
called a packet. When the packet reaches the network access
layer, a header with MAC addresses is added.
ENCAPSULATION Vs. DECAPSULATION

 DECAPSULATION
 The data moves from the lower layer to the upper layers, and each
layer unpacks the corresponding headers to obtain the actual
data. When the data is moving from the lower layer to the upper
layers according to the network model, each layer unpacks the
corresponding headers and uses that information to obtain the
actual data. This unpacking of data in each layer is known as the
decapsulation.