Induction Motor

(Asynchronous Motor)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Overview of Three-Phase Induction
Motor

• Induction motors are used worldwide in many

residential, commercial, industrial, and utility
applications.
• Induction Motors transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
• It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some
other form of mechanical equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.
Introduction

General aspects
• A induction machine can be used as either a induction
generator or a induction motor.
• Induction motors are popularly used in the industry
• Main features: cheap and low maintenance
• Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy
Construction
• The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor, stator,
and enclosure.
• The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as
electromagnets.
Construction
 An induction motor has two
main parts

1. Stator
2. Rotor
 Stator

Parts Material used Work Remarks

Stator Frame Cast Iron Provide Support No Flux Passes
2 End covers Cast Iron Provide Support
Laminated Silicon
Stator Core Hold windings Provide flux Path
Steel
Distributed Copper Generate flux High Conductivity
winding
Smooth rotation of
Bearings
shaft
 Bearings
Frame Stator Core Rotor

Stator winding Rotor winding

Rotor
(Laminations)
Rotor
Types:
1. Squirrel-cage rotor
2. wound-rotor
Construction (Rotor construction)

• Induction motor types:

 Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

 Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings
and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.
Squirrel-cage rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Construction (Stator construction)
• The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor.
• The stator core of a National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
• Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder.
Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
• Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. Each
grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an
electromagnet. The stator windings are connected directly to the
power source.

MZS
FKEE, UMP
Construction (Rotor construction)

Squirrel-Cage Rotor Short circuits all

rotor bars.

/rotor winding
Wound-rotor(Slip Ring)
Construction (Enclosure)

• The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end

brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted
inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a
slight air gap separating it from the stator. There is NO
direct physical connection between the rotor and the
stator.
Stator
• The enclosure also protects the electrical
and operating parts of the motor from Rotor
harmful effects of the environment in which
Air gap
the motor operates.
• Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the
rotor and allow it to turn.
• A fan, also mounted on the shaft, is used on
the motor shown below for cooling.
Construction (Enclosure)
 Difference Between Slip ring and Squirrel Cage
IM
Slip ring or phase wound Induction Squirrel cage induction motor
motor
Construction is complicated due to
Construction is very simple
presence of slip ring and brushes
The rotor consists of rotor bars which are
The rotor winding is similar to the stator
permanently shorted with the help of end
winding
rings
Since the rotor bars are permanently
We can easily add rotor resistance by
shorted, its not possible to add external
using slip ring and brushes
resistance
Due to presence of external resistance Staring torque is low and cannot be
high starting torque can be obtained improved
Slip ring and brushes are present Slip ring and brushes are absent
Frequent maintenance is required due to
Less maintenance is required
presence of brushes
The construction is complicated and the The construction is simple and robust
presence of brushes and slip ring makes and it is cheap as compared to slip ring
the motor more costly induction motor
 Difference Between Slip ring and Squirrel Cage
IM

Slip ring or phase wound Induction Squirrel cage induction motor

motor
This motor is rarely used only 10 %
industry uses slip ring induction motor
Rotor copper losses are high and hence
less efficiency
Speed control by rotor resistance method Speed control by rotor resistance method
is possible
Slip ring induction motor are used where
high starting torque is required i.e in
hoists, cranes, elevator etc
Due to its simple construction and low
cost. The squirrel cage induction motor is
widely used
Less rotor copper losses and hence high
efficiency
is not possible
Squirrel cage induction motor is used in
lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower
printing machines etc
Rotating Magnetic Field

• When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase

voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the windings,
which also will induced 3 phase flux in the stator.
• These flux will rotate at a speed called a Synchronous
Speed, ns. The flux is called as Rotating magnetic Field
• Synchronous speed: speed of rotating flux
120 f
ns 
p

• Where; p = is the number of poles, and

f = the frequency of supply
Principle of operation
 Three phase windings of stator are connected to three phase
supply, so three phase magnetic fluxes are produced. Due to
combination of three phase fluxes rotating magnetic flux is
generated.
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces an
induced voltage in the rotor windings.
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for both
squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the
rotor windings.
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field.
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic flux
densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the
rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic
field and the rotating magnetic field will not cut the
rotor. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and
no rotor magnetic flux will be produced so no torque
is generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Slip and Rotor Speed
1. Slip s
– The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the
speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference of the speed
is called slip.
ns  nr
s OR nr  ns (1  s)
ns
– Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
– under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is
very small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous
speed.
– Note that : s is not negligible s  (ns  n )rpm
Effect of slip in rotor parameters

Note :
At stator : ns  120 f
p

ns p
f  .....(i )
120
At Rotor : ns  nr  120p f
( ns  nr ) p
 fr  .....(ii )
120
(ii )  (i ) : f r  s. f
 Slip and Rotor Speed
• Rotor Speed
– When the rotor move at rotor speed, nr (rps), the stator flux will
circulate the rotor conductor at a speed of (ns-nr) per second.
Hence, the frequency of the rotor is written as:

f r  (ns  nr ) p
•

 sf
• Where; s = slip
f = supply frequency
Slip may be expressed as a percentage:

Where s is the slip

Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Induction Motor Speed = Rotor speed
 Effect of Slip on magnitude of rotor induced
EMF
When rotor is at standstill s=1, relative speed is max amd
max. emf get induced in the rotor, Let this emf is E2

As the rotor gains speed, the relative speed b/w rotor

and RMF decreases and hence induced emf in rotor also
Decreases as it is proportional to speed (Ns-N),
let this emf be E2r

E 2r E 2 r Ns  N
s 
E2 E2 Ns
E 2 r  sE 2
Principle of Operation

• Torque producing mechanism

 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3
phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the
windings, hence the stator is energized.
 A rotating flux Φ is produced in the air gap. The flux Φ
induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a
transformer).
 The induced voltage produces rotor current, if rotor
circuit is closed.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ, producing
torque. The rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating
flux.
Direction of Rotor Rotates

• Q: How to change the direction of

• rotation?
• • A: Change the phase sequence of the
• power supply.

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 Torque-Slip Characteristics

The motor torque under running conditions is given by

 Torque-Slip Characteristics

(i) At s = 0, T = 0 so that torque-slip curve starts from the origin.

(ii) At normal speed, slip is small so that s X2 is negligible as
compared to R2.

• Hence torque slip curve is a straight line from zero slip to a slip
that corresponds to full-load.
(iii) As slip increases beyond full-load slip, the torque increases and
becomes maximum at s = R2/X2. This maximum torque in an
induction motor is called pull-out torque or break-down torque.
Its value is at least twice the full-load value when the motor is
operated at rated voltage and frequency.
 Torque-Slip Characteristics

• To the Max Torque (sX2)2 increases so fast so that R2 can be

neglected form the equation.

• Thus the torque is now inversely proportional to slip. Hence

torque-slip curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
(v) The maximum torque remains the same and is independent of the
value of rotor resistance. Therefore, the addition of resistance to
the rotor circuit does not change the value of maximum torque
but it only changes the value of slip at which maximum torque
occurs. 36
 Power Stages in an Induction Motor

• The input electric power fed to the stator of the motor is

converted into mechanical power at the shaft of the motor.
The various losses during the energy conversion are:

• Fixed losses
(i) Stator iron loss
(ii) Friction and windage loss

• Variable losses
(i) Stator copper loss
(ii) Rotor copper loss
Power Stages in IM
 Power Stages in IM
(i) Stator input, Pi = Stator output + Stator losses
= Stator output + Stator Iron loss + Stator Cu
loss
(ii) Rotor input, Pr = Stator output
– It is because stator output is entirely transferred to the rotor through
airgap by electromagnetic induction.
(iii) Mechanical power available, Pm = Pr - Rotor Cu loss
– This mechanical power available is the gross rotor output and will
produce a gross torque Tg.
(iv) Mechanical power at shaft, Pout = Pm - Friction and windage
loss
– Mechanical power available at the shaft produces a shaft torque Tsh.
Pm - Pout = Friction and windage loss
 Induction Motor Torque
• The mechanical power P available from any electric motor
can be expressed as:

• where N = speed of the motor in r.p.m.

T = torque developed in N-m

If the gross output of the rotor of an induction motor is Pm and its

speed is N r.p.m., then gross torque T developed is given by:
 Measurement of Slip

(i) By actual measurement of Slip

This method requires

measurement of Actual motor
speed N and calculation of
Ns.Then slip is calculated by
using equation
 Measurement of Slip

(ii) By comparing rotor and stator supply frequency

42
 Measurement of Slip

(iii) Stroboscopic method.

A circular metallic disc
is taken and painted with
alternatively black and
white segments.
The painted disc is
mounted on the end of
the shaft and illuminated
by means of neon filled
stroboscopic lamp.

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