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Classification/Taxonomy

Chapter 18
 Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a

classification system to name organisms &

group them in a logical manner.
Defined: Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying
organisms and assigning each
organism a universally
accepted name.
In other words, naming things.
 Why common names don’t work
Common names vary among languages.

Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture

Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture

 Early Taxonomists
 2000 years ago, Aristotle (384 BC-322
BC) was the first taxonomist
 Aristotle divided organisms into
plants & animals
 He subdivided them by their habitat
---land, sea, or air dwellers .
 Early scientists used common
names to identify organism.
 Examples of common names:
 Seahorse, starfish, sealion, jellyfish
 Carolus Linnaeus
 (1707 – 1778)
 Classified organisms by their structure
 Created the system of naming we use today.
 His classification system includes 7 levels.
 In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called
a taxonomic category or taxon.
 To avoid confusion, Carolus Linneaeus devised a
naming system based on physical characteristics
(structures)
 Binomial Nomenclature
 “Bi” means 2
 “nomial” means naming
 Nomenclature means “the system of naming”

Defined:

In binomial nomenclature, each

species is assigned a two-part
scientific name.
 Example of Binomial Nomenclature
 Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus

 Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears

 maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.

Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
 Definitions to know
 Genus: is a group of closely related species

 Species: Group of similar organisms that can

breed and produce fertile offspring
 Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group,
consisting of closely related
phyla.
 Phylum: Group of closely related
classes
 Class: Group of similar orders
 Order: Group of similar families
 Family: Group of genera (genus) that
share many characteristics
 Genus: Group of closely related species that
share common
 Species: Group of organisms that can interbreed to
produce fertile offspring.

The level of classification that contains organisms most closely related

is species.

The level of classification that contains organisms least closely related

is kingdom.
 Here We Go…
Polar Bear
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: maritimus

What do these mean?...lets see

 What they mean

Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)

Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animalia (there are 6 kingdoms)
 How to remember:
King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

 Rules of the Game
Uniqueness: Every name has to be unique.

Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by international

agreement, a single language to be used on a
worldwide basis. All animals are given a generic
(common name) and specific name in Latin (scientific
name).
These names are in italics or are underlined
(i.e. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens).
 Kingdom
Animalia

Phylum
Chordata

Class
Mammalia

Order
Carnivora

Family
Ursidae

Genus
Ursus Species
arctos
 Genus and species are used in the
organism’s name.

 This system of using 2 names to identify an

organism is called binomial nomenclature.

 The binomial name is also known as the

scientific name.
 Genus species
If these three species belong to the same
genus, they are descended from a common
ancestor.
Felis domestica

domestica Domestic
Cat

Felis leo

Felis leo Lion

Felis margarita

Sand cat`
margarita
Which TWO are more closely
related?
 A Problem with Traditional
Classification
 Traditional classification systems relied on
body structure comparisons only
 Due to convergent evolution, organisms that
are quite different from each other evolve
similar body structures.
Convergent Evolution: Process by which
unrelated organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to similar
environments.
 A Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet

• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly

shaped shells & look alike

• The crab has a very different body form

• Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could

be classified together and the crab in a different
group.
Related

This is incorrect because

crabs and barnacles are
actually related
 Crustaceans Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton
Even though they do
Segmentation not look a like, crabs &
barnacles are actually
Free swimming Larva related
 Evolutionary Classification
 Biologists now group organisms into categories
that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not
just physical similarities

Evolutionary Classification: Is the

strategy of grouping organisms together based
on their evolutionary history.
 Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
 Crustaceans Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton
Using Cladograms, you can
Segmentation see that crabs and barnacles
share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are
Free swimming Larva segmented
 Crustaceans Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton
You can also see that
Segmentation ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
Free swimming Larva
 Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
 Phylogeny
 Phylogeny is the
presumed
evolutionary history
of an organism.

 The phylogeny of
related organisms
can be illustrated
using a
phylogenetic tree.
 Classification History

1700s Plantae Animalia

1800s Protista Plantae Animalia

1950s Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

1990s Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

 The Three-Domain System
 Recently, as evidence about microorganisms
continue to accumulate, biologists came to
realize that the Kingdom Monera were
composed of 2 distinct groups.

 The 6-Kingdom system of classification

includes kingdoms:

1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista

4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
 6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Autotroph or Autotroph or Autotroph/ Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

heterotroph heterotroph heterotroph

“Ancient Bacteria” Includes No cell wall

Algae Release No
Most Cell walls
enzymes chloroplasts
common Live in very Don’t to digest
&
bacteria hot places belong in Chloroplasts
food Multicellular
other euk

E. ecoli Pyrococcus furiosus Paramecium H. coccinea Fern frod Homo sapiens

 Where do viruses go?
Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,
and in some cases lipids that can reproduce
ONLY by infecting living cells.

Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA

surrounded by a protein coat.

These are T4 Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a
virus which infects
bacteria
 Where do viruses go? (continued)
Viruses are not considered alive because they
don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.
Example: They can’t reproduce independently

These are the Influenza Viruses

Influenza or "flu" is an
infection of the respiratory
tract that can affect millions
of people every year.
Visuals
The End.
Genus Norno
Activity on page 64
 Draw Your Own Cladogram
 Complete Quick lab on p. 453 in text.

 Answer the questions in your notes!

 Homework
 Complete pages 65 and 66 for homework

 Complete study guide on pages 67-70 on

your own. If you bring it completed to class
and want to check your answers I will have
an answer key for you to check your
answers.