Session :

2019-2020
Practical work of :-
Information practics
Submitted to Submitted
:
by :
Ms.Preeti
Gaurav
Singh
12th ‘A’ , 06
..... INDEX..…
1.Acknowledgement
2.Certificate
3.Introduction of Transformer
4.Theory of Transformer
5.Set-Up-Transformer
6.Set-Down-Transformer
7.Energy Loses
8.Uses of Transformer
9.Full Wave Rectifier :Theory
10.Full Wave Rectifier :Circuit
11.Full Wave Rectifier :Working
12.References
..Acknowledgement..

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mrs.Savita Narwal who gave me the
golden opportunity to do the
wonderful project on the topic
“DNA(Deoxy-Ribose Nucleic Acid”,
which helped me to do a lot of
research and I came to know about
so many new things.
Secondly I would like to thank my
parents and sister who helped me a
lot in finalizing the topic and made
all the required material available to
me within the limited time frame.
 ..Biomolecules..
Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of numerous substances
that are produced by cells and living organisms. Biomolecules have a wide
range of sizes and structures and perform a vast array of functions. The
four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
and proteins.Among biomolecules, nucleic acids, namely DNA and RNA,
have the unique function of storing an organism’s genetic code—the
sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence of
proteins, which are of critical importance to life on Earth. There are 20
different amino acids that can occur within a protein; the order in which
they occur plays a fundamental role in determining protein structure and
 DNA Introduction
DNA is the hereditary material has now been demonstrated in many prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA is indeed the substance that determines genotype and therefore is the hereditary material of
an organism. DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex
carbohydrates, nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential
for all known forms of life.
In most of the organisms DNA is genetic material but in some viruses RNA is genetic material.
#.Physical unit of heredity is GENE.
#.Chemical unit of heredity is DNA.
What is gene ?
It is the component of genetic which control the expression of a trait , genes are present on
 The Building Blocks of DNA:
DNA has three types of chemical component:
1. phosphate.
2.a sugar called deoxyribose.
3.four nitrogenous bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
4.Two of the bases, adenine and guanine chemically called purines.
5.The other two bases, cytosine and thymine chemically called pyrimidines.
6.The chemical components of DNA are arranged into groups called nucleotides, each
composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar molecule, and any one of the four
bases.
 Structure of DNA
Some clues came in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick showed precisely how the nucleotides are
arranged in DNA on the data based upon X-RAY photography of DNA done by Franklin and Wilikins.
James Watson and Francis Crick propose the correct structure for DNA. According to their model :
1.DNA Is a Double Helix
2.DNA is composed of two side-by-side chains of nucleotides twisted into the shape of a double helix.
3.The backbone of each strand is a repeating phosphate–deoxyribose sugar polymer. The sugar-phosphate
bonds in this backbone are called phosphodiester bonds. The attachment of the phosphodiester bonds to
the sugar groups is important in describing the way in which a nucleotide chain is organized. One part
of the phosphodiester bond is between the phosphate and the 5' carbon of deoxyribose, and the other
is between the phosphate and the 3' carbon of deoxyribose. Thus, each sugar-phosphate backbone is
said to have a 5'-to-3' polarity.
4. In the double-stranded DNA molecule, the two backbones are in opposite, or antiparallel.
One strand is oriented 5' - 3'; the other strand, though 3‘- 5', runs in the opposite
direction.
5.The bases are attached to the 1' carbon of each deoxyribose sugar in the backbone of each
strand.
6. Interactions between pairs of bases, one from each strand, hold the two strands of the
DNA molecule together.
7.The association of A with T and G with C is through hydrogen bonds i.e the G-C pair has
three hydrogen bonds, whereas the A·T pair has only two hydrogen bonds.
8.The length of DNA in one turn is 3.4nm which contain 1O nucleotides and width of DNA is
2nm

..CONCLUSION...
Double-stranded DNA is composed of two antiparallel, interlocked nucleotide chains, each
 …Index…
1.Acknowledgement
2.Certificate
3.What is GMO ?
4.Process
5.Bt-cotton
6.Golden Rice
7.Rosie-the Transgenic Cow
8.Starlight plant
9.Genetically Modified Tomato
10.Advantages of GM Foods
11.Disadvantages of GM foods
12.References
 References..
1.NCERT Class 12 (Physics)
2.Modern ABC Class 12 (Physics)
3. http://www.pinterest.com
4.http://www.shutterstock.com
5.S.L.Arora Class 12 (Physics)
6.. http://www.wikipedia.org