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Nirtating Agents
Mechanism For Nitration
Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration
Equipments For Nitration Processes
Industrial Application
• Can use reactants in any state including solids. • Automated process requires less labour.
Risk
More
High
No
A
Slow
Automated
Larger
variety
of
expensive
cost
capital
reactions
contamination
workforce
effective
ofprocess
cost
different
‘down
can
ofbe
required.
if
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requires
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iflarge
carried
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more
when
quantities
up
than
less
out.
the
plant
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labour.
one
plant.
be
isthan
of
not
made
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being
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are
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Costs
Expensive
Can use
be
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reactants
ifdown
planttime
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not
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control
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operated
whilestate
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reactor
including
continuously.
exothermic
is being
solids.
filled
reactions.
and emptied.
reaction vessel
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS
PROCESSES:
Degree of agitations
Control of temperature
Advantages of coils:
High coolant velocity is possible
More compact so can be installed anywhere in the tank.
Disadvantages of coils:
Fouling& scaling problem. Cleaning is no easy.
Ch.E-305 Muhammad Asif Akhtar 43
The actual nitration reactions in a continuous process are
carried out in the same type of vessel as used for batch
nitration, with the exception that an overflow pipe or weir
arrangement is provided for the continuous withdrawal of
product and that continuous feed of reactants is provided.
a) Nitration
b) Washing of crude nitrobenzene…
c) Distillation to separate the water‚ benzene and
dinitrobenzene.
HNO3 27 to 32 wt %
H2SO4 56 to 60 wt %
H2 O 8 to 17 wt %
HNO3 20 to 26 wt %
H2SO4 56 to 65 wt %
H2O 15 to 18 wt %