Chapter 4

Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

 Position vector in three dimensions


r  x î  y ĵ  z k̂ ,

 r   x î   y ĵ   z k̂.

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 Instantaneous velocity

 dr
v
dt
The direction of the 
instantaneous velocity v of a
particle is tangent to the path
at the particle’s position.

The components of v are :

dx dy dz
vx  , vy  , and v z 
dt dt dt
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 Instantaneous acceleration

 dv
a
dt

 The components of a are :

d vx d vy d vz
ax  , ay  , and a z 
dt dt dt

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Projectile Motion
 In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the
vertical motion are independent of each other; that
is, neither motion affects the other. A projectile with
an initial velocity v can be written as (see figure
0
4-10) :-

v0  v0 x î  v0 y ĵ
v0 x  v0 cos 0 and v0 y  v0 sin 0
 The horizontal motion has zero acceleration, and
the vertical motion has a constant downward
acceleration of - g.
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 The range R is the horizontal distance the
projectile has traveled when it returns to its
launch height. 5
Examples of projectile motion

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Horizontal motion

x  x 0  v0 x t

x  x 0  ( v 0 cos 0 ) t

 No acceleration

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Vertical motion (Equations of Motion ):-

1 2
1) y  y0  v0 y t  g t
2
1 2,
 ( v 0 sin 0 ) t  g t
2
2) v y  v 0 sin 0  g t
v y  ( v 0 sin 0 )  2 g ( y  y 0 )
2 2
3)

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The equation of the path

g x2
y  (tan  0 ) x  ( trajectory )
2 ( v 0 cos  0 ) 2

 In this equation, x0 = 0 and y0 = 0. The


path, or trajectory, is a parabola. The
angle  0 is between v 0 and the + x
direction.

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 The horizontal range
R  (v0 cos 0 ) t
To find t = time of flight, y - y0 = 0 means that :
1
0  ( v 0 sin  0 ) t  g t 2
2
2
2 v0
R sin  0 cos  0
g
2
v
R  0 sin 2 0
g
 This equation for R is only good if the final height equals
the launch height. We have used the relation
sin 2  0 = 2 sin  0 cos  0 .
 The range is a maximum when  = 45o 10
0
 Sample Problem
 In the figure shown, a
rescue plane flies at
198 km/h (= 55.0
m/s) and a constant
elevation of 500 m
toward a point directly
over a boating
accident victim
struggling in the
water. The pilot wants
to release a rescue
capsule so that it hits
the water very close
to the victim.
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 (a) What should be the angle  of the pilot's
line of sight to the victim when the release is
made?
x
Solution   tan 1
h
x  x 0  ( v 0 cos 0 ) t
1 2
y  y 0  ( v 0 sin  0 ) t  g t
2
1
 500 m  (55.0 m / s) (sin 0 ) t  (9.8 m / s 2 ) t 2


2
Solving for t, we find t = ± 10.1 s (take the positive root).
x  0  (55.0 m / s) (cos 0 ) (10.1 s)
x  555.5 m
555.5 m
  tan 1  48
500 m
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(b) As the
 capsule reaches the water, what is its
velocity v in unit-vector notation and as a magnitude
and an angle?

When the capsule reaches the water,

v x  v 0 cos  0  (55.0 m / s) (cos 0  )  55.0 m / s

v y  v0 sin 0  g t
 (55.0 m / s) (sin 0 )  (9.8 m / s 2 ) (10.1 s)
  99.0 m / s

v  (55.0 m / s) î  (99.0 m / s) ĵ
v  113 m / s and    61

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Sample Problem
The figure below shows a pirate ship 560 m from a fort
defending the harbor entrance of an island. A defense cannon,
located at sea level, fires balls at initial speed v0 = 82 m/s.

(a) At what angle  0 from the horizontal must a

ball be fired to hit the ship?

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 SOLUTION:

2
v0
R sin 2  0
g
Which gives
2
1 gR 1 (9.8 m / s )(560 m)
2  0  sin 2
 sin
v0 (82 m / s) 2
 sin 1 0.816

There are two solutions

1
0  ( 54.7  )  27 
2
1
 0  (125.3 )  63
2
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(b) How far should the pirate ship be from
the cannon if it is to be beyond the
maximum range of the cannonballs?
 SOLUTION: Maximum range is :-
2
v0 (82 m / s) 2
R sin 2  0  sin (2 x 45 )
g 9.8 m / s
 686 m  690m.

The maximum range is 690m. Beyond that

distance, the ship is safe from the cannon.

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Sample Problem
The figure below illustrates the flight of Emanuel Zacchini over three Ferris wheels,
located as shown and
0
each 18 m high. Zacchini is launched with speed v0 = 26.5
m/s, at an angle = 53° up from the horizontal and with an initial height of 3.0 m
above the ground. The net in which he is to land is at the same height.

 (a) Does he clear the first Ferris wheel?

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 SOLUTION
 The equation of trajectory when x0 = 0 and y0 = 0 is given
by :
g x2
y  ( tan  0 ) x 
2 ( v 0 cos  0 ) 2

Solving for y when x = 23m gives

( 9.8 m / s 2 ) ( 23 m 2 )
 ( tan 53 ) (23 m) 


2 ( 26.5 m / s) 2 (cos 53 ) 2

 20.3 m

Since he begins 3m off the ground, he clears the Ferris

wheel by (23.3 – 18) = 5.3 m 18
(b) If he reaches his maximum height when he is
over the middle Ferris wheel, what is his
clearance above it?

 SOLUTION:
At maximum height, vy is 0. Therefore,

v y  ( v 0 sin 0 ) 2  2 gy  0
2

( v 0 sin  0 ) 2 (26.5 m / s) 2 (sin 53 ) 2

y  2
 22.9 m
2g (2) (9.8 m / s )

and he clears the middle Ferris wheel by

(22.9 + 3.0 -18) m =7.9 m

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(c) How far from the cannon should the center of
the net be positioned?

 SOLUTION:
2 2
v0 (26.5 m / s)
R sin 2  0  2
sin 2 (53 
)
g 9.8 m / s
 69 m

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Avoid rounding errors
 One way to avoid rounding errors and other
numerical errors is to solve problems
algebraically, substituting numbers only in the
final step.

21
Uniform Circular Motion
 A particle is in uniform circular motion if it travels
around a circle at uniform speed. Although the
speed is uniform, the particle is accelerating.
 The acceleration is called a
centripetal (center seeking)
acceleration.
v2
a (centripeta l accelerati on ),
r
2r
T (period ).
v
 T is called the period of revolution.
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
v  v x î  v y ĵ  ( v sin ) î  ( v cos ) ĵ.

  v yp   v xp 
v     î    ĵ.
 r   r 


 d v  v d yp   v d xp 
a     î    ĵ.
dt  r dt   r dt 

d yp d xp
 v cos  ,   v sin 
dt dt

  v2   v2 
a    cos   î    sin   ĵ.
 r   r 
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 v2 v 2
a  ax  ay  (cos ) 2  (sin ) 2 
2 2
,
r r
ay  v  
2
sin 
 
tan    r  tan 
2
ax  v cos 
r

 Thus,    , which means that


a is directed along the radius r,
pointing towards the circle’s
center.

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Sample Problem
 “Top gun” pilots have long worried about taking a turn
too tightly. As a pilot's body undergoes centripetal
acceleration, with the head toward the center of
curvature, the blood pressure in the brain decreases,
leading to loss of brain function.
 There are several warning signs to signal a pilot to ease
up: when the centripetal acceleration is 2g or 3g, the
pilot feels heavy. At about 4g, the pilot's vision switches
to black and white and narrows to “tunnel vision.” If that
acceleration is sustained or increased, vision ceases
and, soon after, the pilot is unconscious—a condition
known as g-LOC for “g-induced loss of consciousness.”

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What is the centripetal acceleration, in g units, of a pilot
flying an F-22 at speed v = 2500 km/h (694 m/s) through a
circular arc with radius of curvature r = 5.80 km?

 SOLUTION:

v 2 (694 m / s) 2
a   83.0 m / s 2  8.5 g
r 5800 m

 If a pilot caught in a dogfight puts the aircraft

into such a tight turn, the pilot goes into g-
LOC almost immediately, with no warning
signs to signal the danger.
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Relative Motion in One Dimension

x PA  x PB  x BA
 The coordinate xPA of P as measured by A is
equal to the coordinate xPB of P as measured by
B plus the coordinate xBA of B as measured by
A. Note that x is a vector in one dimension. 27
 d d d
( x PA )  ( x PB )  ( x BA ),
dt dt dt
v PA  v PB  v BA

 The velocity vPA of P as measured by A is

equal to the velocity vPB of P as measured
by B plus the velocity vBA of B as measured
by A. Note that v is a one dimensional
vector. We have deleted the arrow on top.
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 d d d
( v PA )  ( v PB )  ( v BA )
dt dt dt
Because VBA is constant, the last term is zero.

a PA  a PB
 Observers on different frames of reference (that
move at constant velocity relative to each other)
will measure the same acceleration for a
moving particle. Note that the acceleration is a
one dimensional vector. 29
Sample Problem
Barbara's velocity relative to Alex is a constant vBA =
52 km/h and car P is moving in the negative direction
of the x axis.

 (a) If Alex measures a constant velocity vPA = -78 km/h

for car P, what velocity vPB will Barbara measure?

 SOLUTION:

v PA  v PB  v BA
 78 km / h  v PB  52 km / h
v PB  130 km / h

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(b) If car P brakes to a stop relative to Alex (and thus the
ground) in time t = 10 s at constant acceleration, what is its
acceleration aPA relative to Alex?

v  v 0 0  (78 km / h ) 1 m / s
a PA  
t 10 s 3.6 km / h
 2.2 m / s 2

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(c) What is the acceleration aPB of car P relative to
Barbara during the braking?

 SOLUTION:
 To calculate the acceleration of car P relative to
Barbara, we must use the car's velocities relative to
Barbara. The initial velocity of P relative to Barbara is
vPB = -130 km/h. The final velocity of P relative to
Barbara is -52 km/h (this is the velocity of the stopped
car relative to the moving Barbara).
v  v 0  52 km / h  (130 km / h ) 1 m / s
a PB  
t 10 s 3.6 km / h
 2.2 m / s 2
 This result is reasonable because Alex and Barbara have
a constant relative velocity, they must measure the same
acceleration. 32
Relative Motion in Two Dimension

  
rPA  rPB  rBA
  
v PA  v PB  v BA
 
a PA  a PB
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Homework (due Feb 1)
Review Questions 72-91
Pages 126-126

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