INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

 At the end of the session, the student is expected to:

 Define anatomy and physiology.

 Differentiate Anatomy and Physiology.

 Explain why study anatomy and physiology.

 Enumerate the characteristics/properties of living

matter.
 Explain the principles of Complementarity

 Enumerate the levels of structural organization

 Enumerate the different organ systems of the body

 Explain the interrelationships of the different organ

systems
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Overview of Anatomy & Physiology

 Anatomy
 The word anatomy, is derived from the Greek term
ANA meaning “up” and TOME meaning ‘cutting”.
 Literally, Anatomy means “cutting up”.
 the study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another
 Gross or macroscopic
 Microscopic
 Developmental
  Physiology
 the study of the function of the body’s
structural machinery [characteristics and
mechanisms that make it a living being.]
 Study of the functions of the different organs
and tissues of the human body and their
underlying mechanisms and interrelationships

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Gross Anatomy

 Regional – all structures in one part of the

body (such as the abdomen or leg)
 Systemic – gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
 Surface – study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin
Microscopic Anatomy

 Cytology – study of the cell

 Histology – study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy

 Traces structural changes throughout life

 Embryology – study of developmental
changes of the body before birth
Physiology

 Considers the operation of specific organ

systems
 Renal – kidney function
 Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
 Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood
vessels
 Focuses on the functions of the body, often at
the cellular or molecular level
Physiology

 Understanding physiology also requires a

knowledge of physics, which explains
electrical currents, blood pressure, and the
way muscle uses bone for movement
  WHY study anatomy and physiology?

 Needed in the career of health sciences

 Evaluation of physiological activities
 Understand recommended treatment
 Critically evaluate advertisements and reports in
the popular literature
 Interaction with other health professionals
 Guidelines and bases for research

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  Living matter has certain characteristics or
properties, which differentiates it from non-
living.
 The following are characteristics/properties of a
living matter:
 1. Irritability 7. Secretion
 2. Conductivity 8. Respiration
 3. Contractility 9. Growth
 4. Absorption 10. Reproduction
 5. Assimilation 11. Organization
 6. Excretion
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
  1. Irritability
 It is the ability of the living matter to be affected by
changes in the environment, which are called
stimuli. This property is highly developed in nerve
cells.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  2. Conductivity
 It is the ability of the cells to transmit a wave of
excitation from one cell to another. This property
is highly transmitted through the nerve cells in
order for the stimulus to be interpreted and in turn
send an appropriate action.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  3. Contractility
 It is the ability of the cells to shorten thereby,
producing movement. This property is highly
developed in muscle cells

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  4. Absorption
 It is the ability of the cells to take substances into
their protoplasm. This property is highly
developed in the epithelial cells of the small
intestine.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  5. Assimilation
 It is the ability of the cell to utilize absorbed
substances to build up protoplasm

 6. Excretion
 It is the ability of the cells to eliminate waste
products of metabolism.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  7. Secretion
 It is the ability of the cells to produce substances
from the blood and extrude them through the
ducts.

 8. Respiration
 It is the ability of the cells to take in oxygen and
gives off carbon dioxide.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  9. Growth
 It is the increase in the amount of protoplasm
mainly as a result of an increase in number of
cells.

 10. Reproduction
 It is the ability of the cells to form new individuals.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  10. Organization
 It is the ability of the body systems to function for
the benefit of the whole body. When one system
is disturbed, compensatory mechanisms restore
the body into its original condition.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Principle of Complementarity

 An anatomical structure usually reflects its

function [Form follows function]

 What a structure can do depends on its

specific form
Levels of Structural Organization
 Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
 Cellular – cells are made of molecules
 Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
 Organ – made up of different types of
tissues
 Organ system – consists of different
organs that work closely together
 Organismal – made up of the organ
systems
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of
cells vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is
tissue made up of many organ
systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level
different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Figure 1.1
Organ Systems of the Body

 Integumentary
system
 Forms the external
body covering
 Composed of the
skin, sweat glands, oil
glands, hair, and nails
 Protects deep tissues
from injury and
synthesizes vitamin D
Organ Systems of the Body
 Skeletal system
 Composed of bone,
cartilage, and ligaments
[with the joints they make
up]
 Protects and supports
body organs
 Provides the framework
for muscles
 Site of blood cell
formation
 Stores minerals
Organ Systems of the Body

 Muscular system
 Composed of muscles and
tendons
 Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion,
and facial expression
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
Organ Systems of the Body

 Nervous system
 Composed of the brain,
spinal column, and
nerves
 Is the fast-acting control
system of the body
 Responds to stimuli by
activating muscles and
glands
Organ Systems of the Body

 Cardiovascular
system
 Composed of the
heart and blood
vessels
 The heart pumps
blood
 The blood vessels
transport blood
throughout the
body
Organ Systems of the Body
 Lymphatic system
 Composed of red bone
marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and
lymphatic vessels
 Picks up fluid leaked
from blood vessels and
returns it to blood
 Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream
 Houses white blood cells
involved with immunity
Organ Systems of the Body

 Digestive system
 Composed of the oral
cavity, esophagus,
stomach, small
intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus,
and liver
 Breaks down food into
absorbable units that
enter the blood
 Eliminates indigestible
foodstuffs as feces
Organ Systems of the Body

 Respiratory system
 Composed of the
nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs
 Keeps blood
supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon
dioxide
Organ Systems of the Body

 Urinary system
 Composed of kidneys,
ureters, urinary
bladder, and urethra
 Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes from the body
 Regulates water,
electrolyte, and pH
balance of the blood
Organ Systems of the Body
 Male reproductive
system
 Composed of prostate
gland, penis, testes,
scrotum, and ductus
deferens
 Main function is the
production of offspring
 Testes produce sperm
and male sex hormones
 Ducts and glands deliver
sperm to the female
reproductive tract
 Organ Systems of the Body
 Female reproductive system
 Composed of mammary glands,
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and
vagina
 Main function is the production of
offspring
 Ovaries produce eggs and female
sex hormones
 Remaining structures serve as sites
for fertilization and development of
the fetus
 Mammary glands produce milk to
nourish the newborn
 Organ Systems Interrelationships
 The integumentary system
protects the body from the
external environment
 Digestive and respiratory
systems, in contact with the
external environment, take in
nutrients and oxygen
 Nutrients and oxygen are
distributed by the blood
 Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the urinary and
respiratory systems

Figure 1.2