BODY SUPPORT

AND MOVEMENT
Body Support and Movement

The muscular and skeletal systems provide

support to the body and allow for a wide range of
movement. The bones of the skeletal system protect
the body’s internal organs and support the weight of
the body. The muscles of the muscular system
contract and pull on the bones, allowing for
movements as diverse as standing, walking, running,
and grasping items.
Body Support and Movement

There are three different skeleton

designs that fulfill this function: hydrostatic
skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton
Hydrostatic
Skeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton
is a skeleton formed by a fluid filled compartment
within the body, called the coelom. The organs of the
coelom are supported by the aqueous fluid, which also
resists external compression. This compartment is
under hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and
supports the other organ of the organism. (this type of
skeletal system is commonly found in soft-bodied
animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, Cnidarian,
and other invertebrate)
EXAMPLES
Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton

is an external skeleton that consists of a

hard encasement on the surface of an organism.
This skeleton type provides defense against
predators, support the body, and allows for
movement through the contraction of attached
muscles.
EXAMPLES
Endoskeleton
Endoskeleton

is a skeleton that consist of hard, mineralized

structures located within the soft tissue of
organism. An example of a primitive endoskeletal
structure is the spicules of sponges. The bones of
vertebrates are composed of tissues, whereas
sponges have no true tissue.
EXAMPLES
 “
Sliding Filament
Model of Contraction
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

the sliding filament theory of muscle

contraction was developed to fit the differences
observed in the named bands on the sarcomere at
different degrees of muscle contraction and
relaxation. The mechanism of contraction is the
binding of myosin to actin, forming cross bridges
that generate filament movement.
SARCOMERE
IMMUNITY
 Immunity
is the balanced state of
multicellular organisms having
adequate biological defenses
to fight infection, disease, or
other unwanted biological
invasion, while having
adequate tolerance to avoid
allergy, and auto-immune
diseases
Innate Immune
Response
Innate Immune Response

consists of physical, chemical and cellular

defenses against pathogens. The main purpose of
the innate immune response is to immediately
prevent the spread and movement of foreign
pathogens throughout the body.
Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

Dilates blood vessels

and induces
inflammation.
Recruits
macrophages and
Connective tissues,
Mast Cell neutrophils. Involved
mucous membranes
in wound healing and
degense against
pathogens but can
also be responsible
for allergic reactions.
 Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

Phagocytic cell that

consumes foreign
pathogens and cancer Migrates from blood
Macrophage
cells, stimulates vessels into tissues
response of other
immune cells.

Circulates in blood
Kills tumor cells and
Natural Killer Cell and migrates into
virus infected
tissues
 Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

Present in epithelial
tissue, including
Presents antigens on
skin, lung and tissue
its surface, thereby
Dendritic Cell of the digestive tract.
triggering adaptive
Migrates to lymph
immunity
nodes upon
activation
Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

Differentiates into
Stored in spleen
macrophages and
moves through blood
Monocyte dendritic cells in
vessels to infected
response to
tissues
inflammation .
Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

First responders at the

site of infection or
trauma, this abundant
phagocytic cells
represents 50-60% of
Migrates from blood
Neutrophil all leukocytes.
vessels into tissues.
Releases toxins that
kill or inhibit bacteria
and fungi and recruits
other immune cells to
the site of infection.
Cell Type Characteristic Location Image

Responsible for Circulates in blood

Basophil defense against and migrates to
parasites tissues

Releases toxins that

Circulates in blood
kill bacteria and
Eosinophil and migrates to
parasites but also
tissues
causes tissue damage
Adaptive Immune
Response
Adaptive Immune Response

is an immunity that occurs after exposure to

an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination.
This part of the immune system is activated when
the innate immune response is insufficient to control
an infection.

27
Vaccinologist or
Vaccination
 Vaccinologist or Vaccination
is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically
contains an agent that resembles a
disease-causing microorganism and is
often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins, or
one of its surface proteins.