PRESENTED BY :

1.SANIYA AKMAL
2.SANIYA KOUSER
3.RAHATH C .S.
4.RAHUL.R
5.SANGHAVI
6.SHAINAZ SARDAR KHAN
7.SACHIN YASHWANT

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SL.N PARTICULARS SLIDE NO

O

1. INTRODUCTION 3-8

2. FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION 9-15

3. PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION 16-18

4. STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION 19-33

5. SCHEDULES OF THE INDIAN 35-37

CONSTITUTION

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 INTRODUCTION
The Constitution of India is a document that establishes the political values, the
powers of government and the rights of the citizens of the country.
It is the supreme law of India and is used by the prime minister, his cabinet of
ministers and the courts to govern the country.
It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its
citizens of justice, equality and liberty and aims to promote fraternity among them. The
initial draft was composed by B N Rau, the appointed Constitutional Adviser to
Constituent Assembly.

The task of framing the constitution fell upon Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Although
modeled on the British Constitution, it is designed to suit the needs of a developing
nation with a much larger population and minorities within it. All this was taken into
account when framing the new constitution.
“We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign
socialist secular democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens.”

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 It is a declaration that the people of India have defined themselves as free people
(sovereign). That there is social and economic equality in this state and there will be
no discrimination based on caste or gender. Everyone has equal rights and
opportunities to get jobs and earn their livelihood. For example, the government has
started a rural employment scheme (socialist).
 The government will not favour any one religion (secular). India will never be defined
as a Hindu state, even though there is a majority of Hindus in the country. The
government will respect the presence of Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and any
other religion that someone chooses to follow.
 All citizens are able and allowed to be part of the government and this person must be
elected including the head of the state like the president (republic).
 The government will be formed of the leaders elected by the people from each region
or constituency and every citizen above 18 is eligible to vote barring none
(democratic). India has 546 constituencies, therefore 546 leaders in the parliament.
 The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union, is the President of India. As
per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union
consists of two houses, known as the Council of States, the RajyaSabha and the House
of the People, the LokSabha.

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 Amendments in Indian constitution
 There are 102 Amendments Bills and 101 Amendment Acts to the
Constitution of India, since it was first enacted in 1950.
 The amendments can be effected by the Parliament of India by a
prescribed special majority. The other type of amendments includes those
that require, in addition to a special majority, ratification by atleast one
half of the State Legislatures.
 Constitution of India adopted
 After the end of British rule in India, in 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted
the Constitution on 26 November, 1949. It came into effect on 26 January, 1950.
With its adoption, the Union of India became Republic of India, replacing the
Government of India Act, 1935, as the country’s fundamental governing
document. We celebrate Republic Day to commemorate the Constitution of India,
on January 26 every year.
 Project –
There are 99 amendments to the constitution. Get a friend to find out about 10 of
the amendments. Then you do the same. Compare and discuss each individual
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amendment and how it might relate to the population of India.
THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE
 The Drafting Committee was one of the eight major
committees appointed by the Constituent Assembly (
Proposed by M.N.Roy ) headed by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
 It was set up on August 29, 1947 to prepare a draft of the new
Constitution for India. It's members included-:
 Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
 N.Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
 A. Krishnaswamy Ayyar
 Dr.K.M. Munshi
 Syed Mohammad Saadullah
 N.Madhava Rau( Replaced B.L.Mitter )
 T.T.Krishnamachari ( Replaced D.P.Khaitan )

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 The committee published it's first draft in February 1948 and after
about 8 months of discussions and proposed amendments it
published a second draft in October 1948.
 It sat for a total of 141 days only.
 Dr.B.R.Ambedkar introduced the final draft in the Assembly on
November 4, 1948 ( first reading which ended on November 9 ),
second reading started on November 15, 1948 and ended on
October 17, 1949 ( during this stage about 7653 amendments were
proposed and 2473 were discussed in the Assembly ).
 The third reading started on November 14, 1949 and Dr.Ambedkar
moved a motion which was declared passed on November 26, 1949
and we had a new Constitution for independent India.
 The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949 contained a
Preamble, 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.

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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 THE PREAMBLE TO CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA
The Preamble to the constitution of India is a brief introductory
statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of
the documents.
1. The People :
“ We the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute
India into a sovereignty socialist, secular democratic, republic
and to secure to all its citizens.”
2. Sovereignty :
India is internally and externally sovereign externally free for
the control of any foreign power and internally also after 1947.
India get external sovereignty after 15august 1947.
3. Socialist :
42 amendment Act 1976, It implies social and economic
equality 16
4. Secular :
42 amendment Act 1976 it has no recognized official religion.
Here all religion are equal . Every person has the right to
preach , Practice ,Propagate any religion of their choice.
5. Democracy :
The people of India elect their government of all levels
Union state and local a system of universal adult franchise
6. Republic:
The head of the state is elected directly or indirectly for a
fixed term.
7. Justice :
1. Social – State treat all citizen are equal.
2. Economic - Reduce the economic disparities between
rich and the poor.
3. Equal opportunity to participate in political activities. 17
8. Liberty :
Liberty means liberty of thought expression being faith and
workshop. Liberty is on of the pillar of democratic system.
9. Equalities:
Equalities means equality of states and opportunities.
10. Fraternity :
Fraternity means the spirit of brotherhood among all the
section of the people assuring the dignity of individual and
the unity and integrity.

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 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF INDIAN
CONSTITUTION :
 Article 12-35 : Specify the Fundamental rights available.
 Article 36-51 : Specify the Directive principles of state policy
 Article 51A : Specifies the fundamental duties of every
citizen.
 Article 80 : Specifies the number of seats in the Rajya Sabha.
 Article 81 : Specifies the number seats in lok Sabha.
 Article 155 : Appointment of the Governor.
 Article 214 : High courts for the states.
 Article 315 : Public service Commission for the Union and for
the states.
 Article 320 : Functions of Public service commissions.
 Article 343 : Hindi as official language.
 Article 356 : Imposition of president’s rule in states.
 Article 370 : Special status to Kashmir.
 Article 395 : Repeals India independence act and
government of India Act, 1935.
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 STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN
CONSTITUTION
Indian Constitution when adopted by Constituent
Assembly in 1949, had 395 articles and 22 parts. Many
other articles and three other parts were added to it by
subsequent constitutional amendments. As of now,
Indian constitution contains 448 articles in 25 parts, 12
schedules with 5 appendices and 102 amendments.

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 PART 1 (ARTICLES 1-4)
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
Part 1 of the Indian Constitution includes articles from 1-4. It is a
compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a
country and the Union of states that it is made of.
 Article 1- Name and territory of the union
 Article 2- Admission and establishment of new states.
 Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing states.
 Article 4- Laws made under article 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth schedules and
supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

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 PART 2 (ARTICLES 5-11)
CITIZENSHIP
Part 2 of the Indian Constitution deals with the citizenship of India.
 Article 5- Citizen at the commencement of the constitution.
 Article 6- Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to
India from Pakistan.
 Article 7- Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
 Article 8- Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing
outside India.
 Article 9- Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to
be citizens.
 Article 10- Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
 Article 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

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 PART 3 (ARTICLES12-35)
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Part 3 of the Indian constitution talks abut the fundamental rights. The
fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were
considered essential for the development of the personality of every
individual and to preserve human dignity.
 Article 12- Definition
 Article 13- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
rights.
 Article 14- Equality before law.
 Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth.
 Article 16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
 Article 17- Abolition of untouchability.
 Article 18- Abolition of titles
 Article 19- Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
 Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
 Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty.
 Article 22- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases 23
 Article 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
 Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
 Article 25- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and
propagation of religion.
 Article 26- Freedom to manage religious affairs.
 Article 27- Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
religion.
 Article 28- Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction of religious
worship in certain educational institutions.
 Article 29- Protection of interest of minorities.
 Article 30- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
institutions.
 Article 31- Compulsory acquisition of property.
 Article 32- Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part.
 Article 33- power to parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part
in their application to forces, etc.
 Article 34- Restriction on rights conferred by this part while marital law is
in force in any area.
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 Article 35- Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this part
 Part 4 :Directive principles of state policy
 Section 37 Application of principles contained in this part
 Section 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of
the people.
 Section 39A Equal justice and free legal aid
 Section 40 Organization of village panchayats Section Right to work, to
education and to public assistance in certain cases
 Section 42 Provision for just and human condition of work and maternity
relief
 Section 43 Living wage etc , for workers
 Section 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens
 Section 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children
 Section 46 Provision of educational and economic interest of scheduled
castes , scheduled tribes and other
 Section 48 Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry
 Section 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding
of forests and wild life 25
 Part 5 : The Union
The President
 Section 53 Executive power of the union
 Section 57 Eligibility for re-election
 Section 60 Oath or affirmation by the President
 Section 61 procedure for impeachment of the President
 Section 62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of
President and the term of office of person elected of fill casual vacancy
The vice President
 Section 64 The vice President to be ex officio chairman of the council of
states
 Section 68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of vice
President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
 Section 69 Oath or affirmation by the vice President
 Section 70 Discharge of President functions in other contingencies
 Section 73 Extent of executive power of the union
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Parliament
 Section 80 composition of the council of states
 Section 81 composition of the House of the people
 Section 83 Duration of Houses of parliament
 Section 86 Right of parliament to address and send messages to House
 Section 87 Special address by the President
 Section 88 Right of ministers and Attorney General as respect
Office of parliament
 Section 89 The chairman and Deputy chairman of council of states
 Section 90 vacation and resignation of , and removal from the office of
Deputy chairman
 Section 91 Power of the Deputy chairman or other person to perform the
duties of the office of , or to act as chairman
 Section 93 The speaker and Deputy speaker of House of the people
 Section 96 The speaker or the Deputy speaker not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office under consideration.

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Legislative Procedure
 Section 107 Provision as to introduction and passing of bill
 Section 108 Joint setting of both Houses in certain cases
 Section 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bill‘s Procedure in
Financial Matters
 Section 112 Annual financial statements
 Section 113 Procedure in parliament with respect to estimate
 Section 114 Special provision as to financial Bill’s

Part 6: The Seats

The Executive
The Governor
 Section 153 Governor of States
 Section 154 Executive power of States
 Section 155 Appointment of Governor
 Section 156 Term of office of Governor Section 158 Conditions of
Governor's officer Section 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor Section
161 Power of Governor to grant pardons. 28
The State Legislature
General
 Section 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States
 Section 170 Composition of the Legislative Assembly
 Section 171 Composition of the Legislative Council
 Section 172 Duration of State Legislature
 Section 174 Sessions of the State Legislature, propagation and dissolution
Officer of the State Legislature
 Section 178 Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
 Section 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the officer of
Speaker and Deputy Speaker
 Section 182 The chairman and Deputy chairman of the Legislative Council
Conduct of Business
 Section 188 Oath or affirmation by members
 Section 189 Voting in House, power of Houses to act Notwithstanding
vacancies and quorum
Disqualification of Members
 Section 190 Vacation of seats
 Section 193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
under article
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 Section 188 when not qualified or when disqualified. Power, privileges and
immunities of state Legislature‘s and their Members
 Section 195 Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
 Section 196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bill’s
 Section 198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bill
 Section 201 Bill’s reserved for consideration Procedure in Financial
Matters
 Section 202 Annual financial statement
 Section 204 Appropriation Bill’s Section 206 Votes on account, votes of
credit and exceptional grants
Procedure Generally
 Section 208 Rules of procedure
 Section 210 Language to be used in the Legislature
 Section 211 Restrictions on discussion in the Legislature
 Section 212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

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 PART 7 (ARTICLE 238)
THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
 Article 238 – Repealed.

PART 8 (ARTICLE 239-242)

THE UNION TERRITORIES
 Article 239 – Administration of union territories.
 Article 239A – Creation of local legislatures or council of
minister or both for certain Union Territories.
 Article 239A – Special provision with respect to Delhi.
 Article 239AA- Provision in case of failure of constitutional
machinery.
 Article 239AB- Power of administrator to promulgate
ordinances during recess of legislature.
 Article 240- Power of president to make regulations for certain
union territories.
 Article 241- High courts for Union territories.
 Article 242- Repealed. 31
 PART 9 ( ARTICLE 243-243O)
THE PANCHAYATS
 Article 243- Definitions.
 Article 243A- Gram Sabha.
 Article 243B- Constitution of panchayats.
 Article 243C- Composition of panchayats.
 Article 243D- Reservation of seats.
 Article 243E- Duration of panchayats, etc.
 Article 243F- Disqualifications of membership.
 Article 243G- Powers, authority and responsibilities of
panchayats.
 Article 243H- Powers of impose taxes by, and funds of
panchayats.
 Article 243I- Constitution of finance commission to review
financial position,
 Article 243J- Audit of accounts of panchayats.
 Article 243k- Elections to the panchayats.
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 Article 243L- Application to Union territories.
 Article 243M- Part not to apply certain areas.
 Article 243N- Continuance of existing laws and panchayats.
 Article 243O- Bar to interference by courts in electoral
matters.
PART 9B (ARTICLE 243P-243ZG)
THE MUNCIPALITIES
 Article 243P- Definition
 Article 243Q- Constitution of Municipalities.
 Article 234R- Composition of municipalities.
 Article 243S- Constitution and Composition of wards
committees, etc.
 Article 243T- Reservation of seats.
 Article 243U- Duration of municipalities, etc.
 Article 243V- Disqualification for membership

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 Article 243W- Powers, authority and responsibilities of
municipalities, etc.
 Article 243X- Power of impose taxes by, and funds of the
municipalities.
 Article 243Y- Finance Commission.
 Article 243Z- Audit of accounts Municipalities.
 Article 243ZA- Elections to the municipalities.
 Article 243ZB- Application to Union territories.
 Article 243ZC- Part not to apply certain areas.
 Article 243ZD- Committee for district planning.
 Article 243ZE-Committee for Metropolitan planning.
 Article 243ZF- Continuance of existing laws and
municipalities.
 Article 243ZG- Bar to interference by courts in electoral
matters.

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 Schedules of Indian constitution
Schedules are lists in the constitution of India that categorize and
tabulate bureaucratic activities and policies of the government.
Indian constitution had originally eight schedule the ninth schedule
was added via first amendment act. While 10th schedule was first
added by 35th amendment. Once Sikkim became a state of India the
10th schedule was replied but later added once again by 52nd
amendment Act 1985 in context with the anti-defection law.

 First Schedule
It lists the state and territories on of India lists any changes to the
borders and the laws used to make that change.
 Second schedule:
Second schedule lists the emoluments for holders of
constitutional officers such as salaries of president, vice president,
ministers, judges, and auditor general of India etc. 35
 Third Schedule:
This schedule lists the various forms of oath for holders of various
constitutional offices.
 Fourth Schedule:
Fourth schedule enumerates the location of Rajya Sabha seats to
states or union territories.
 Fifth Schedule:
This schedule enumerates administration and control of
scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
a) Scheduled areas are autonomous areas within a states
administered federally, usually populated by predominant scheduled
tribe.
b) Scheduled tribes are groups of indigenous people identified in
the constitution, struggling socio-economically.

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 Sixth Schedule:
This schedule comprise provision for the administration of
tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
 Seventh Schedule:
This schedule has divided the Union and State subjects on which
they can make laws. It comprises Union list, State list and concurrent list.
 Eighth Schedule:
This schedule enumerates land and tenure reforms; the accession of
Sikkim with India.
 Tenth Schedule:
This schedule comprises anti-defection provision for Member of
parliament and Members of the State legislatures.
 Eleventh Schedule:
It was added by 73rd amendment and has list of subjects the
Panchayats Raj institutions or rural local government.
 Twelfth Schedule:
It was added by 74th amendment and enlists the subjects
under municipalities or urban local government.

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 Conclusion
 The Constitution of India has several distinctive features.
It is the lengthiest constitution in the world and it is a
combination of rigidity and flexibility. The supreme court
of India, is the apex court of India which will resolve the
disputes between the center and state or between the
states. India has a parliamentary democracy. The Indian
Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights which are
justifiable. Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles
of State Policy have also been added to the Constitution.

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THANK YOU

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