JC International Ltd.

ADVANCED FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING

 SAFETY
• Alarms
• Muster Point
• First Aid
• Minimum PPE to be worn
• Emergency exits
• Telephone usage
• Coffee/Meal break
• Fire extinguishers
• Convenience/Rest rooms
• Duration
1/7/2020 2
 CONTENT
• Introduction
• Fire hazards
• Nature of fire
• How fire spreads
• Fire risk assessment
• Classification of fires
• Portable fire extinguishers
• Fire prevention measures
• Fire detection and alarm system
• Principles of fire extinction
• Fire emergency plan
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 COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, delegates will:

• Have an understanding of fire
• Be able to reduce fire risk at work
• Know what to do when the fire alarm sounds
• Know what to do if you find a fire
• Be able to correctly and safely select and use a fire
extinguishers.

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 Why do we do this training?

• Because management care about your safety

• Because many people are unnecessarily injured by fire at

work

• Because the law specifically requires larger employers to

train their staff in fire safety

• Because fire risk assessment flagged a need to train staff

in fire safety.

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 FIRE HAZARD
Fire has no respect
for persons or
property.

It’s a good servant

but a bad
master!

Keep it under
control!!
PIPER ALPHA – 182 DEAD IN ONE NIGHT.

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 FIRE- an exothermic (gives off heat) chemical reaction
Fire losses include:

 Life
 Facilities
 Production
 Profit

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 PRODUCTS OF FIRE

 Heat & Light---------

 Smoke----------------

 Toxic gas---------------

 Ash-----------------------

MOST CASUALTIES ARE FROM TOXIC SMOKE INHALATION

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 THE NATURE OF FIRE

FIRE NEEDS-

• FUEL- something
to burn.
• OXYGEN- from the
air.
• HEAT- an ignition
source to start.

• ALL 3 CONDITIONS MUST BE PRESENT FOR FIRE TO START AND CONTINUE.

• REMOVE 1 CONDITION AND THE FIRE WILL STOP, THIS IS HOW WE FIGHT FIRE!
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 HOW FIRES SPREAD
Fires are spread by the movement of heat (the
ignition source) or the fuel e.g oil spills. The heat
moves or is transferred by:
1. Conduction.
2. Convection.
3. Radiation.
4. Direct contact.
Understanding these can help us in prevention and to
limit escalation.

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 CONDUCTION OF HEAT
• Is the transfer of heat through the material.
Metals are a good conductors. Fibrous
materials are poor conductors such as cloth,
wood and paper.

• Conduction of heat through the metal beams

in a structure can give rise to secondary fires
in adjacent areas.

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 CONVECTION OF HEAT
Is the transfer of heat through the movement of a gas
or liquid, Because heated air will expand and rise, fire
spread by convection is mostly in an upward direction.
Heated smoke and gases travel upward until they
reach a barrier like a ceiling or roof in a structural fire.
They will then burn through and continue upwards.

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 RADIATION OF HEAT
• Will travel through open spaces, even through
a vacuum. Heat transfer by this method is
known as thermal radiation.

• Radiated heat will travel in straight lines

through space to heat a nearby object.
• Radiation is a major source of fire spread in a
structure.

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 HEAT TRAVEL BY DIRECT CONTACT
• Flames in direct contact with fuel in the fire
area: the fuels reach their ignition
temperature and then become part of the
fire.
• More heat, smoke and gases are added to the
fire, increasing the rate of spread, and the
size of the outbreak.

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 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT.
• The Flash Point is the
minimum temperature at
which the fuel gives off
sufficient vapour to form an
ignitable mixture.

• The Fire point is the

temperature at which the fuel
can sustain the fire without
further heat input

• A key element of prevention is

to stop fuels from reaching
these temperatures.
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 FUEL FLASH POINTS

Lubrication Oil 150 Degrees C

Heavy fuel Oil 95 Degrees C

Diesel 65 Degrees C

Kerosene 50 Degrees C

Paint thinner/solvent 40 Degrees C

Gasoline/petrol -40 Degrees C

Note these are all liquids- flammable gases are already at flash
point and ready to ignite!
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 Reasons why fire spreads
• No detection system
• No alarm system in place
• Workers not knowing or confusing the sound of an alarm
• Fires starts in unoccupied area
• Fire starts out of normal work hours
• Absence of compartments in building structure
• Inappropriate storage of materials

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 Fire risk assessment
• The purpose of fire risk assessment is to identify where fire
may start in the workplace, the people who would be put at
risk, and to reduce the risk where possible

• The responsible person should make a suitable and sufficient

assessment of the fire risks to the health and safety of
workers who are at work

• Carrying out a fire risk assessment allows an employer to

establish a suitable safety management system and fire safety
policy.
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 5 steps to risk assessment

1. Identify the fire hazards

– Sources of fuel

– Sources of ignition (heat)

2. Identify the people who might be at risk:

– People in the premises

– Give special consideration to vulnerable people

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 5 steps to risk assessment contd
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions:
– Fire prevention
– Prevention of the spread of smoke and flames
– Fire detection and alarm
– Fire fighting equipment
– Means of escape
– Signs and notices
– training
4. Record findings, plan and train
– A record of the significant findings of the assessment and
any group of workers identified by it as being especially at
risk should be made
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 5 steps to risk assessment contd
5. Monitor and review the assessment
– The assessment and the fire safety measures must be
review regularly
– A review should be done if:
I. Changes to workplace ,for example, increased
storage of flammable materials
II. Changes to work process/activity
III. Changes to number or type of people present
IV. A near miss or a fire occurs
V. When failure of fire precautions occurs, for example,
fire detection and alarm systems

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 Fire risk reduction by prevention
• Reduce sources of ignition
– Remove unnecessary sources of heat
– Ensure safe and correct use of electrical equipment
– Enforce a hot work permit system and safe smoking policy
• Minimise potential fuel for a fire
– Remove or reduce amount of flammable materials
– Ensure safe handling and storage of flammable materials
– Good housekeeping
• Reduce sources of oxygen
– Close all doors and windows not required for ventilation
after working hours
– Not storing oxidising materials near heat sources or
flammable materials
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 Fire risk reduction by protection
• Fire detection and warning
– Can fire be detected quickly enough to allow people to escape?
– Can means of warning be recognised and understood?
– Does staff know how to operate the system?
– Will staff know what to do if the alarm operates?
– Are fire notices posted around workplaces?

• Means of fighting fire

– Is the fire fighting equipment suitable for the risk?
– Is suitably located?
– Is it signed necessary?
– Have people been trained to use equipment where necessary?

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 Fire risk reduction by protection contd
• Means of escape
– How long will it take for people to escape once they aware of
afire?
– Is this time reasonable?
– Are there enough exits?
– Are the exits in the right place?
– Is suitable means of escape for all people, including disabled?
– Could a fire happen that would affect all escape routes?
– Are escape routes easily identifiable?
– Are exit routes free from obstructions and blockages?
– Are exit routes suitably lit at all time?
– Has staff been trained in the use of the escape routes?

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 Fire risk reduction by protection
contd
• Fire procedures and training
– Is there an emergency plan?
– Does the emergency plan take account of all
reasonably foreseeable circumstances?
– Are all workers familiar with the plan, trained in its
use, and involved in testing it?
– Is the emergency plan made available to all staff?
– Are fire procedures clearly indicated throughout the
workplace?
– Have all people likely to be present, been considered?

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 Fire risk reduction by protection
contd
• Maintenance and testing
– Check all fire doors, escape routes, lighting and
signs
– Check all fire fighting equipment
– Check all fire detectors alarms
– Check any other equipment provided to help
means of escape arrangements
– Are those who carry out maintenance and testing
competent?

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 Emergency plan
A typical emergency plan should include the
following:
• Action on discovering a fire
• Action on hearing alarm
• Details of the fire warning system
• Details of the evacuation process
• Means of escape – travel distances
• Location of assembly points
• Identification of escape routes – signs, emergency
lighting
1/7/2020 27
 Emergency plan contd
• Details of fire fighting equipment
• Specific staff duties
• Safe evacuation of people who need
assistance to escape
• Safe working practices in high risk areas
• Staff training needs and arrangements for
providing training

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 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
• There is not a universal fire-extinguishing agent and
therefore there is a possibility that using particular types
of fire extinguishers on ignited materials or liquids may
make the fire considerably worse and place the fire
fighter at risk.
• Under British Standard EN-2 (Classification of Fires),
fires have been divided into broad classifications for
extinguishing purposes. This will assist in selecting the
most effective fire-extinguishing agent to be used, on the
most appropriate type of fire and burning material

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SIGN, COLOUR & CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
PICTOGRAM

Wood / Furnishings Etc CLASS A:

All solid materials, usually organic origin nature (contains
compounds of carbon) and generally produce glowing embers - i.e.
wood, textiles, curtains furniture and plastics

Flammable Liquids & Class B:

Solids All flammable liquids and solids, which can also be sub-divided into:
Non-miscible with water (i.e. petrol, oils, solvents, paints & waxes)
Polar Liquid Fires (Hydrophilic/Miscible) with water (e.g. alcohol,
methanol, acetone, propanol, & ethanol etc) - sometimes known as
Polar Liquids.
Note: Hydrophilic = having an affinity with water / Miscible =
'capable of being mixed'
Fires involving Gases CLASS C:

Class ‘C’ fires involve Natural Mains Gas, Liquid Petroleum Gases
(e.g. LPG - Butane & Propane etc) and Medical or Industrial gases.

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SIGN, COLOUR & PICTOGRAM CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

Fires Involving Metals CLASS D:

Class ‘D’ fires involving metals or powdered metals etc (where water is generally
ineffective and / or dangerous).
Specialist Dry Powders are produced for certain Class ‘D’ fires (i.e. M28), particularly
those involving alkali metals such as Sodium & Potassium. These Dry Powders
extinguish metal fires by fusing the powder to form a crust, which excludes oxygen from
the surface of the molten metal. A specific agent is added to prevent the powder from
sinking into the surface of the molten metals
Electrical Electrical fires are not considered to constitute a fire class on their own, as electricity is
a source of ignition that will feed the fire until removed. When the electrical supply has
been isolated, the fire can be treated (generally) as ‘Class A’ for extinguishing purposes.
However, you should always isolate the supply before fighting the fire; if this is not
possible then a non-electrical conducting extinguishing agent is to be used regardless of
the power status, on all occasions.
Warning Note! - Some electrical equipment can store in capacitors, lethal voltages even
if their power supply has been isolated. Always use extinguishers containing a non-
electrical conducting extinguishing agent specifically designed for use on electrical
equipment such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) or Dry Powder.
High Temperature CLASS F:
New class specifically dealing with high temperature ( 360°C) cooking oils used in
Cooking Oils large industrial catering kitchens, restaurants and takeaway establishments’ etc.
Cooking oil fires, because of their high auto-ignition temperatures, are difficult to
extinguish.
Conventional extinguishers are not effective for cooking oil fires, as they do not cool
sufficiently or may even cause flash back, thereby putting the operator at risk. These
1/7/2020 extinguishers contain a specially formulated wet chemical which, when applied to 31 the
burning liquid, cools and emulsifies the oil, extinguishing the flame, sealing the surface
 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Fire extinguishers are further divided into:
 Hand held extinguishers (portable extinguishers), which weigh is from 0.5
to 20kg and are easily portable by hand;
 Cart-mounted extinguishers (large mobile wheeled extinguishers), which
the typical weigh is 23kg and over; these wheeled models are most
commonly found at construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as
docks and marinas and fuels stations.

32
Fire Extinguisher Colour Codes

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 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy

PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE
3 ORIFICE
4
 WATER EXTINGUISHER
Red body
Used on CLASS A fires
involving solid materials such
as paper, wood, solid plastics
Extinguishing method:
COOLING & SMOTHERING

Do NOT use on Oil based

fires, electrical fires or fires
associated with electrical
equipment.
 FOAM EXTINGUISHER
Red body with a cream coloured
identifying band
Used on CLASS B fires involving
flammable liquids or liquefiable solids
such as Petrol, Paint solvents
Extinguishing method:
Smothering
can also be used on CLASS A fires

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DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER
Red body with blue band

Used on All CLASSES of

fires
(except chip or fat pan fires)

Extinguishing method:
SMOTHERING

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CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) EXTINGUISHER
Red body with a black
coloured identifying
band
Provided for use where
fires could be started by
electrical equipment
Extinguishing method:
Smothering
WARNING: Gas from CO2 extinguishers can be harmful if
used in confined spaces as it displaces oxygen in the air.
Ventilate the area as soon as the fire has been extinguished.
 HOSEREELS
Red body

Used on CLASS A fires

involving solid materials such as
paper, wood, solid plastics

Extinguishing method:
COOLING & SMOTHERING

Do NOT use on Oil based fires,

electrical fires or fires
associated with electrical
equipment.
 FIRE BLANKET
Used on fires such as
Chip or fat pan fires, persons on
fire

Extinguishing method:
SMOTHERING

Fire blankets are made of fire resistant materials. They are

particularly useful for smothering fat pan fires or for wrapping
round a person whose clothing is on fire.

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 FIRE BLANKET
How To Use:
Pull out the blanket from its case
Check the fire is smaller than the blanket.
Hold it well up in front of you by the top
corners and keep your hands tucked in
behind the blanket.
Place it over the fire and smother it.
Turn off power source. i.e. Gas/Electric
Don't take it back off for at least half an hour!
That will let the material cool down.

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 FIRE BUCKETS -SAND FILLED TYPE
They work by preventing air from reaching the fire-smothering.

THIS IS SUITABLE FOR MOST CLASSES OF FIRE:

• A –paper, wood etc
• B- gases and liquid fuels, diesel, kerosene etc
• 1/7/2020
C- electrical fires. Dry sand only! 42
 FIRE PREVENTION METHODS

Fire prevention aims to:-

•Look for those conditions which might start or

help a fire.

•Remove those conditions where possible.

•Create awareness in staff to prevent those

conditions arising again.
1/7/2020 43
 THE 3 STEPS OF FIRE PREVENTION
1- IDENTIFY-
ignition sources :- electrical, heating, welding, grinding
smoking etc.
fuel sources:- stored papers, rags, fuels, wood, plastics,
paint- anything that will burn.

2-ELIMINATE OR CONTROL- tidy up or dispose of

materials, store fuels safely, provide safe smoking
areas. Ensure hot processes are in a safe area.

3- SEPARATE:- fuels and ignition sources, keep the two

apart.
1/7/2020 44
 AVOID ELECTRICAL OVERLOADING!

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 MORE ON ELECTRICAL FIRES

ELECTRICITY WILL PRODUCE HEAT AND FIRE IF-

• THE CONDUCTOR IS TOO SMALL , IS DAMAGED, IS

SHORTED OR SHORT CIRCUITED OR IS OVERLOADED.

• THERE IS A PEAK OR SURGE IN THE CURRENT SUPPLY.

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 MORE ON ELECTRICAL FIRES
TO AVOID THIS FIRE RISK:
• ALWAYS USE THE CORRECT FUSES.
• USE GOOD QUALITY POWER BARS/ ADAPTORS/
EXTENSIONS AND DON’T OVERLOAD THEM.
• BUY SURGE PROTECTORS WITH A WARNING
LIGHT TO SAY THEY ARE STILL WORKING!
• TURN OFF EQUIPMENT AT NIGHT OR WHEN
YOU HAVE FINISHED WITH IT.

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 AVOID SPILLS, STORE PROPERLY!

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 IT’S ADVISABLE TO POSITION
FIRE WATCH PERSONS WITH
EQUIPMENT AT WORK AREAS
WHERE ‘HOT’ JOBS (welding,
grinding, cutting etc) TAKE
PLACE.

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 Remember-
Fire only occurs when
prevention fails.

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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
Why use a Fire Alarm System?
Fire Alarm Systems are used to protect life and property.

It protects by:

a. detecting a fire at an early stage

b. alerting and evacuating occupants

c. notifying the relevant personnel

d. activating auxiliary functions e.g. smoke controls, lift homing etc

e. identifying and guiding fire fighters

 What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?
Control & Indicating
Fire Detectors Equipment
Fire Alarm Device

Fire Service Alarm Monitoring

SignallingTransmitter Station
Fire Alarm Signal

Manual Call Points Fault Signal

DECAMS

Automatic
Control for Automatic Fire Protection
Fire Protection Equipment Equipment

Power Supply Equipment

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 Escape routes
Escape routes should meet the following criteria:
– Where two or more escape routes are needed they should lead
in different directions to places of safety

– Escape routes need to be short and to lead people directly to a

place of safety, such as the open air or an area of the
workplace where there is no immediate danger.

– It should be possible for people to reach the open air without

returning to the area of the fire. They should then be able to
move well away from the building.

– Escape routes should be wide enough for the volume of people

using them.

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 OFFICE FIRE ESCAPE/EVACUATION PLAN

NOTE- more than 1 route given.

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 Fire drills
• Once an emergency plan has been established, it must be tested
at regular intervals in order to ensure that all staff are familiar with
the action to be taken in an emergency

• The most effective way of achieving this is by carrying out fire drills
at prescribed intervals

• Drills should be held at least twice a year other than in areas

dealing with hazardous processes, where they should be more
frequent

• A programme of fire drills should be planned to ensure that all

employees, including shift workers and part-time employees, are
covered
1/7/2020 56
 ESCAPE/DRILL

Drill and practice to learn and improve:

• Solve any issues arising, train on any escape equipment.
• Incorporate new staff and visitors.
• Try dealing with casualties- vary the scenario.
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 MUSTER/ASSEMBLY POINTS
• Safe distance from
building/facility
• Sited in a safe place
• Clearly signed
• Person must be in
charge of muster point
and identified
• Accessible to
emergency medical
personnel

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 EVACUATION PLANS
• THERE SHOULD ALWAYS BE MORE THAN 1 EXIT FROM ANY LOCATION.
• THE MUSTER POINT SHOULD BE IN AN OPEN AREA, AWAY FROM THE FIRE’S
RADIANT HEAT AND FALLING BUILDING DEBRIS.
• MORE THAN 1 MUSTER POINT FOR BIG GROUPS MAY BE NEEDED.
• ONE PERSON TO BE IN CHARGE FOR UP TO 15 STAFF.
• EVERY 15 STAFF NEED A FIRE WARDEN, BUT STILL HAVE 1 PERSON IN TOTAL
CHARGE.
• IF OTHER COMPANIES USE THE BULDING-SHARE EVACUATION PLANS.
• FIRE WARDENS TO BE TRAINED TO FIGHT FIRES AND HAVE FIRST AID SKILLS.
• DRILL AND PRACTICE- YOU MAY NEED IT FOR REAL ONE DAY!
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 HOW TO USE EXTINGUISHERS
All extinguishers have an instruction label on them to show how
they work
• Find out what type of extinguishers you have at work and where
they are.
• See what fire types they can be used on a,b,c etc.
• Check how to use them before you need to!

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 HOW TO USE EXTINGUISHERS
Remember the PASS word:
P.A.S.S.
1) Keep your back
PULL
to a clear escape
route. AIM
2) Stand back 8 to
10 feet from the SQUEEZE
fire.

3) Then >>: SWEEP

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 SAFETY FIRST

Note: Only trained

personnel should
undertake fire fighting
and then only where
there is no risk to life.
always maintain a
means of escape.

Do not fight the fire unless

it is safe to do so!
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 Do not fight the fire if:
• It is bigger than a waste paper bin
• One extinguisher is not enough
• Smoke is affecting your breathing
• You cannot see the way out
• Gas cylinders and chemicals are involved
• Your efforts are not reducing the size of the
fire.

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 PRINCIPLE OF FIRE EXTINCTION
Fires can be extinguished by:
• Removal of Fuel by removing a fire’s fuel supply will extinguish it
by starvation. TURN OFF ELECTRICAL OR GAS SUPPLIES. STOP
THECAR ENGINE.

• Removal of Heat by cooling with water will extinguish the fire by

absorbing more heat than the fire is generating USE WATER.

• Removal of Oxygen fire can be extinguished by removing or

limiting its oxygen supply known as smothering or blanketing.
USE SAND/FOAM/CO2/FIRE BLANKET.

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 PUTTING OUT THE FIRE-
1. To Starve a fire, the fuel source is removed i.e.
(isolation OR transfer)
a) Shutting off the fuel source e.g. a gas fire.

b) Draining fuel from the storage tank or holding area.

c) Removing threatened combustibles from the fire area.

d) Allowing the fuel to be consumed by the fire.

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 PUTTING OUT THE FIRE-
2. To Quench a fire the fuel is cooled below its
flash point and thus the fire is extinguished as
the vaporization is stopped. This operation is
accomplished through cooling the fuel surface
usually with water.

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 PUTTING OUT THE FIRE-
3. To Smother a fire the air must be removed or
diluted so that the oxygen is lowered to 15% or less
by volume. This can be done either by:

a) Covering a burning pan of oil with a

lid or a fire blanket.

b) Using foam, CO2 on

flammable liquid fires.

c) Using sand on combustibles

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 HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES
 CLASS “A” FIRES - ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES:

1. Point the extinguisher at the base of the fire, not the

flames.
2. Cool the material below its ignition temperature.
3. Soak fibrous material to prevent re-ignition.
4. Establish a fire watch to ensure no re-ignition occurs.
5. Use water, foam or multi-purpose dry chemical.

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 HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES
 CLASS “B” FIRES - FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS:

1. Point the extinguisher at the base of the fire.

2. Attempt to prevent oxygen reaching the fire.
3. Close solvent tanks lids etc.
4. Know that the fire may flare up momentarily.
5. Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals.

NB: Can create breathing difficulty and

poor visibility if used in a confined space!
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 HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES
CLASS “C” FIRES – FLAMMABLE GASES:

1. Extinguishing agent must not conduct electricity.

2. Isolate the gas supply.
3. Use Dry Chemical Powder

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 AFTER THE FIRE FIGHTING
• WATCH the fire area
• If the fire flares up again, repeat the extinuishing!
• If you can’t control the fire, LEAVE immediately!
• Recharge or replace any used fire extinguisher
• Call the Emergency team to inspect the scene!

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 CHECK
BE PREPARED! LIST

• CHECK ALL EQUIPMENT- ALARMS, FIRE FIGHTING AND

FIRST AID.
• PLAN AND SIGN SUITABLE FIRE EXITS- KEEP CLEAR!.
• DRILL STAFF TO MUSTER POINT.
• TRAIN STAFF IN FIRE FIGHTING.
• MONITOR AND REPORT HAZARDS WHICH MAY CAUSE
FIRE.
• START AGAIN!

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 Survival in Fire
Situations:
1-Respond quickly to all alarms, and do not assume they are false
alarms.

2-Be aware of all the fire exit routes and final fire
exit doors.

3-NB: Use the nearest door, Not the door you usually use.

4-Never open a door in a fire situation, without testing it

for heat. Feel the door, if it’s hot find another exit!

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 Survival in Fire Situations:
5- In hot and smoky conditions lie on the floor, the coolest
place with the most breathable air is near to the ground.

6- If you are trapped, move to the front of the building and

make yourself seen, as the fire service normally responds
to the main door in the front of the building.

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