Sunteți pe pagina 1din 34

Type of Sampling Techniques

and
Statistical Treatment
Objectives:

 Describe the different type of sampling


techniques.
 Identify the type of sampling technique used in
different survey methods.
 Describe the different statistical treatment used
in data analysis.
 Select the appropriate statistical treatment (tool)
based on the following:
 Purpose of the research
 Type of Data
 Sample Composition
DID YOU KNOW 2017
Types of Sampling

 Simple Random Sampling


 Stratified Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Clustered Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

A sample selected in
such a way that every
element in the
population has an
equal probability of
being chosen.
Equivalently, all
samples of size n have
an equal chance of
being selected.
Stratified Random Sampling

A sample obtained by
stratifying the sampling
frame and then
selecting a fixed
number of items from
each of the strata by
means of a simple
random sampling
technique.
Systematic Sampling
A sample in which every kth item of the sampling
frame is selected, starting from the first element
which is randomly selected from the first k
elements.
Clustered Sampling

A sample obtained by
stratifying the
sampling frame and
then selecting some or
all of the items from
some of, but not all,
the strata.
Acitivity on Sampling Technique
A psychologist is studying the sleeping patterns of
the 3960 students at her university. She decides to
start by asking a random sample of 30 students
how many hours of sleep they get weekday nights.
Identify the type of sample in each of the following
survey methods.
a) The psychologist assigns each student a number
from 1 to 3960. She selects the sample by
randomly choosing one of the first 132 numbers
and every 132nd number thereafter.
Systematic Sample
Acitivity on Sampling Technique
A psychologist is studying the sleep patterns of the
3960 students at her university. She decides to start
by asking a random sample of 30 students how
many hours of sleep they get weekday nights.
Identify the type of sample in each of the following
survey methods.
b) The psychologist assigns each student a number
from 0001 to 3960 and uses a computer to
randomly generate a list of 30 numbers to select the
students for the sample.
System Random Sample
Acitivity on Sampling Technique
A psychologist is studying the sleep patterns of the
3960 students at her university. She decides to start
by asking a random sample of 30 students how
many hours of sleep they get weekday nights.
Identify the type of sample in each of the following
survey methods.
c) Students are listed by the neighborhood they live
in. The psychologist randomly selects six
neighborhoods and then randomly selects five
students from each one.
Cluster Sample
Acitivity on Sampling Technique
A psychologist is studying the sleep patterns of the
3960 students at her university. She decides to start
by asking a random sample of 30 students how
many hours of sleep they get weekday nights.
Identify the type of sample in each of the following
survey methods.

d) An equal proportion of students are randomly


selected from each discipline.

Stratified Sample
Taro Yamane Sampling Formula
Statistical Treatments

 Chi-Square Test of Independence


 Pearson R Correlation
 Student’s T-Test
 Analysis of Variance
 Simple Linear Regression
Interpreting the p-value
 The smaller the p-value, the more statistical evidence
exists to support the alternative hypothesis.
 If the p-value is less than 1%, there is overwhelming
evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.
 If the p-value is between 1% and 5%, there is a
strong evidence that supports the alternative
hypothesis.
 If the p-value is between 5% and 10% there is a
weak evidence that supports the alternative
hypothesis.
 If the p-value exceeds 10%, there is no evidence
that supports the alternative hypothesis.
Decision Criterion

P-value method:

 Reject H0 if P-value   (where  is


the significance level, such as 0.05).

 Fail to reject H0 if P-value > .


Chi-Square Test of Independence

Is a measure whether groups are


independent or dependent on each other
Pearson R Correlation
Is a measure of the linear correlation between two
variables X and Y. It has a value +1 and -1, where
1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear
correlation, and -1 is total negative linear
correlation. It was developed by Karl Pearson from
a related idea introduced by Francis Galton in the
1880’s.
Student’s T-Test
It is a test of significance of means of one or two
groups
One-Sample T-Test
A test to determine whether the mean of one
independent group is significantly different to the
desired benchmark.
Two-Sample T-Test Unpaired
A test to determine whether the mean of two
independent groups is significantly different

=T.TEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
Two-Sample T-Test Paired
A test to determine whether the difference of the
mean of two independent groups is significant.

D = mean of differences
N = Number of matched pairs

=T.TEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
ANOVA - Analysis of Variance
A commonly used family of statistical tests that
may be considered a logical extension of the t-
test and is used for comparing 2 or more mean
scores

Run through: Data Analysis Tool Pack


Simple Linear Regression
Used to determine the relationship between one
dependent variable to one or more independent
variable

Run through: Data Analysis Tool Pack


7 Riddles That Will Test Your Brain Power
Assumptions of Statistical Tests
 Parametric tests are based on a variety of
assumptions, such as
 Interval or ratio level scores
 Random sampling of participants
 Scores are normally distributed
 N = 30 considered minimum by some
 Homogeneity of variance
 Groups are independent of each other
 Others
 Researchers should try to satisfy assumptions
underlying the statistical test being used
Improving the Probability of Meeting
Assumptions
 Utilize a sample that is truly representative of
the population of interest
 Utilize large sample sizes
 Utilize comparison groups that have about the
same number of participants
Two-Group Comparison Tests
 a.k.a. Multiple Comparison or Post Hoc Tests
 The various ANOVA tests are often referred to
as “omnibus” tests because they are used to
determine if the means are different but they
do not specify the location of the difference
 if the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that
there is a difference among the mean scores, then
the researcher needs to perform additional tests in
order to determine which means (groups) are
actually different
Common Post Hoc Tests

 Multiple comparison (post hoc) tests are used to


make specific comparisons following a
significant finding from ANOVA in order to
determine the location of the difference
 Duncan
 Tukey
 Bonferroni
 Scheffe
 Note that post hoc tests are only necessary if there are
more than two levels of the independent variable
Analysis of Covariance

 ANOVA
 ANOVA design which statistically adjusts the
difference among group means to allow for the
fact that the groups differ on some other
variable
 frequently used to adjust for inequality of groups at
the start of a research study
Nonparametric Statistics

 Considered assumption free statistics


 Appropriate for nominal and ordinal data or in
situations where very small sample sizes (n < 10)
would probably not yield a normal distribution of
scores
 Less statistical power than parametric statistics

S-ar putea să vă placă și