ACCOMODATION OF EYE

• Accommodation is the mechanism by which

the eye changes refractive power by altering
The shape of lens in order to focus objects at
variable distances.
 Terms
• Far point: position of an object when its image
clearly falls on retina with no accommodation.
This is also called punctum remotum

• Near point: nearest point clearly seen with

maximum accommodation. This is called unctum
remotum.

• Range of accommodation: Distance between far

point and near point.
 Amplitude of Accomodation
• The difference between diaoptric power needed to
focus at far point(at rest) AND AT NEAR Point fully
accommodated.
• Relative amplitude of accommodation: the total
amount of accommodation which the eye can exert
while the convergence of the eyes is fixed.
• It can be positive using concave lens until the image
blurs. This is called positive relative accommodation
• IT can be negative using convex lens until the image
blurrs. This is called negative relative accommodation.
 Mechanism of Accommodation
• Ciliary muscles contracts__ ciliary ring
• shortens_ Equator of lens move forward as a
• result the Zonules are relaxed--- so the tension
• in capsule is relived----- Lens becomes
• spherical that is convexity increases------ leads
• to increase in diaoptric power of eye -----
allowing near objects to be focused on retina.
 Mechanism(contd)
• For Distant object
Ciliary muscles relaxes causing lens attachment
fibres to become taut and flatten lens

For Near objects

• Ciliary muscles contracts, rreleasing tension
on fibres allowing lens to become more
spherical
 With age
• Lens fibre and lens capsule lose elasticity-------
leading to change in size and shape of lens
which increases------ reduction of
accommodative amplitude causing onset of an
refractive error known as Presbyopia.
 Types of Acommodation
• Tonic Accommodation
This is due to tonus of ciliary muscle and is active in
absence of stimulus. The resting state of
accommodation is not at infinity but rather at an
intermediate distance.

Proximal accomodation is induced by the awareness of

the nearness of a target.

Reflex accomodation is an automatic response to blur

which is made to maintain a clear and sharp retinal
image.
 Convergence- accommodation
• Convergence- accommodation
-- Amount of accommodation stimulated or
relaxed associated with convergence.
-- The link between accommodation and
convergence is known as accomodative
convergence and is expressed clinically as
AC/A RATIO.
 Anomalies of Accommodation
1. Accommodative insufficiency
may be due to paralysis or paresis or, ill sustained accommodation

2. Accommodative excess--- leads to spasm

3. Inertia of accommodation

4. Increased accommodation

5. Deficient accommodation
Example : presbyopia which is physiological cause
Pharmacological cause being use of cycloplegic drugs.
 Anomalies of Accommodation
• General symptoms

Problems are long standing

Intermittent blurred vision
Eye strain or Headache
Fatigue/sleepiness
Inattentiveness over time.
 Classification of Anomalies of
Accommodation
• Decreased increased

Excess
Spasm

Insufficiency

Ill sustained accommodation

Inertia

paralysis