Factors Affecting

development: Parenting, Role

Models, peer Groups and
Interactions

Prepared by: Ronnel T. Singson

 A. Parenting
• Parenting includes everything that one is going out of
one’s way to assist, help, listen, and do something for
a child. Parenting is learned from how individuals are
parented. Cobb (2001) stresses that parenting is
more a matter of who one is passed on from one
generation to the next. Diana Baumrind has
distinguished four styles of parenting in terms of
differences in parental responsiveness (refers to how
sensitive, supportive the parents are.) and
demandingness (parents hold high expectations for
their children’s behavior and supervising their
activities).
 Parenting style

• Authoritative parenting is a style that stresses self-

reliance and independence. Parents maintain open
communication lines with children and give reasons
when instating discipline.
• Authoritarian parenting that stresses obedience,
respect for authority and traditional values.
• Indulgent parenting characterized by show of
affection, love, warmth and nurturance but with
little supervision.
• Neglectful parenting characterized by little warmth,
nurturing and supervision.
 B. Role Model

• Peer interaction provides opportunity for specific instruction and

learning. This is clearly see in school games and sports competition
where peers can teach each other and learn and acquire new skills
together. Peer interaction also serves as a good venue for
developing personal and group relationships including the sense of
belonging. The peer Group has always been a source of affection,
sympathy, and understanding. It is also served as setting for the
achievement of independence from parents.
• Teen friendships are more intimate because they can share each
other’s feelings and secrets. Teens also prefer friendship that goes
for the same interests in sports, music, dance and so on. They are
able to maintain their friendships through activities which
contribute to a stable friendship in adolescence.
 C. Peer Group and Interactions

• Peer interaction provides opportunity for specific

instruction and learning. This is clearly see in school
games and sports competition where peers can
teach each other and learn and acquire new skills
together. Peer interaction also serves as a good
venue for developing personal and group
relationships including the sense of belonging. The
peer Group has always been a source of affection,
sympathy, and understanding. It is also served as
setting for the achievement of independence from
parents.
•