Review

Law of Segregation (1st Mendelian Law)

- the two alleles for a heritable character

segregate (separate from each other) during
gamete formation and end up in different
gametes.
 Review
Law of Independent Assortment (2nd
Mendelian Law)

- the two alleles for a heritable character

segregate (separate from each other) during
gamete formation and end up in different
gametes.
 Genotype
The gene pair an individual carries for a particular trait
symbolized with a pair of letters. By convention, uppercase
letter (eg. A) for a dominant allele and lowercase letter (eg. a)
for the recessive allele. Any letter in the alphabet may be used
A. For a diploid organism with two alleles in a given gene pair,
genotypes may be written as:
i. Homozygous dominant, i.e. with two dominant alleles
(DD)
ii. Heterozygous, i.e. with a dominant and recessive allele
(Dd). The individual will show the dominant phenotype.
iii. Homozygous recessive, i.e. with two recessive alleles (dd)
 Phenotype
A. The observable trait of an individual based on its
genotype. Examples: red flower, curly hair, blood
types ( i.e. the blood type is the phenotype)

B. For a typical Mendelian trait, phenotypes may

either be: i. Dominant. A trait that requires at least
one dominant allele for the trait to be expressed,
e.g. Dd ii. Recessive. A trait that requires two
recessive alleles for the trait to be expressed
 Pedigree Analysis
Making use of diagrams showing the
ancestral relationships and transmission of
genetic traits over several generations in a
family
 Pedigree Analysis Symbols
Establish symbols for creating pedigrees
I. Male (square) vs female (circle)
II. Affected (shaded) vs unaffected (unshaded) individual
III. Marriage/mating line (line connecting mates) vs. sibship line
(line connecting siblings)
IV. Fraternal twins (one birthline branching out into the
individual twin) vs. identical twins (same as fraternal twins
but with a horizontal bar connecting the branches)
V. Generation (Roman numerals) vs. individuals in the same
generation, counting left to right (designated by HinduArabic
numerals)
VI. Proband (arrow)
Activity
1. Divide learners into groups of four.
2. Make a family pedigree.
3. Write down the genotypes and
phenotypes of specific individuals
 Enrichment
1. Construct a pedigree of an authentic family
using any of the following traits:

I. With (dominant) or without finger hair (recessive)

II. Normal (dominant) or hitchhiker’s thumb (recessive)
III. Widow’s peak (dominant) or straight hairline
(recessive)
IV. Free (dominant) or attached earlobe (recessive)
V. Curly (dominant), wavy (heterozygous) or straight
(recessive) hair
 Pedigree Analysis
STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-1

by

Rosewin P. Rocero
SHS Teacher