BAIT

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Propulsion

Air-breathing Engines

Rocket Engines

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 Propel :"to drive, or cause to move, forward or onward. '‘
Study of propulsion includes the study of the propelling
force, the motion caused, and the bodies involved.
Propulsion involves an object to be propelled plus one
or more additional bodies, called propellant.
Methods devised to produce a thrust force for the
propulsion are based on the principle of jet propulsion
(the momentum change of a fluid by the propulsion system).
The fluid may be the gas used by the engine itself
(turbojet),
it may be a fluid available in the surrounding
(air used by a propeller),
or it may be stored in the vehicle and carried by it during the
flight (e.g., rocket).
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Jet propulsion systems can be subdivided into two broad
categories: air-breathing and non-air-breathing.

Airbreathing propulsion systems include the reciprocating,

turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, turboprop, and turboshaft engines.
Non-airbreathing engines include rocket motors, nuclear
propulsion systems, and electric propulsion systems.

1) Basic concepts and one-dimensional gas dynamics,

2) Analysis and performance of airbreathing propulsion
systems,
3) Analysis of gas turbine engine components.

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Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of
altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities).
the approximate velocity and altitude limits, or corridor of flight,
within which airlift vehicles can operate. The corridor is
bounded by a lift limit, a temperature limit, and an aerodynamic
force limit.

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The turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft, and ramjet
engine systems are discussed.
The discussion of these engines is in the context of
providing thrust for aircraft.
The "heart" of a gas turbine type of engine is the gas
generator.

The compressor, combustor, and turbine are the major

components of the gas generator which is common to
the turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft engines.

The purpose of a gas generator is to supply high-

temperature and high-pressure gas.
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 Internal combustion
engines turn propellers
which generate thrust
 Combustion process—
chemical energy converts
to mechanical energy
The piston compresses
fuel and air before
combustion; then is
forced back down the Ch
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 Internal combustion engine
is a reciprocating engine
 Back-and-forth movement
of the pistons produces
mechanical energy
 Most small aircraft have
reciprocating engines
 Parts include cylinders,
pistons, connecting rods, a
crankshaft, crankcase, Ch

intake and exhaust valves,

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and spark plugs

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 Piston moves down, intake
valve opens, drawing air and
fuel in at constant pressure

 Provides great deal of surface

area that reacts quickly with
the oxygen in the air

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 The piston reaches the
bottom, the intake valve
closes, sealing the cylinder
 Volume decreases, the
piston compresses the
fuel-air mixture, raising
temperature and increasing
pressure
 Gas particles are close
together, can react quickly
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when ignited
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 As the piston nears the top, a
surge of current is sent to spark
plug
 The Spark ignites the compressed
fuel-air mixture
 Fuel rapidly combines with
oxygen and produces carbon
dioxide gas and water vapor
 Hot gases force the piston down
turning the crankshaft Ch

The crankshaft turns the aircraft

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propeller
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 Piston reaches the
bottom and starts back
up the cylinder, the
exhaust stroke begins
 The exhaust valve opens,
residual heat is released,
and pressure returns to
atmospheric conditions
 The piston pushes waste Ch

gas out of the cylinder

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By adding an inlet and a nozzle to the gas generator, a turbojet
engine can be constructed.

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 Extreme Temperature Environment

Compressor Combustor Turbine Afterburner

In the compressor, pressure and temperature increase as a result of
work.
The temperature of the gas is further increased by burning fuel in
the combustor.
In the turbine section, energy is being removed from the gas stream
and converted to shaft power.
The energy is removed by an expansion process that results in a
decrease of temperature and pressure.
In the nozzle, the gas stream is further expanded to produce a high
exit kinetic energy.
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The turbofan engine consists of an inlet, fan, gas generator, and nozzle.
The fan increases the propellant mass flow rate

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In the turbofan, a portion of the turbine work is used to supply
power to the fan.
The thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC, or fuel mass flow
rate per unit thrust) is lower for turbofans and indicates a more
economical operation.
The turbofan also accelerates a larger mass of air to a lower
velocity than a turbojet for a higher propulsive efficiency.

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 Bypass Air

Core Air

Bypass Ratio, B, a:
Ratio of by pass air flow rate to core flow rate
Example: Bypass ratio of 6:1 means that air volume flowing through fan and
bypassing core engine is six times air volume flowing through core
A gas generator that drives a propeller is a turboprop engine. The
expansion of gas through the turbine supplies the energy required
to turn the propeller
The turboshaft engine is similar to the turboprop except that
power is supplied to a shaft rather than a propeller.
The limitations and advantages of the turboprop are those of the
propeller.
For low-speed flight and short-field takeoff, the propeller has a
performance advantage.
At speeds approaching the speed of sound, compressibility effects set
in and the propeller loses its aerodynamic efficiency.
Because of the rotation of the propeller, the propeller tip approach the
speed of sound before the vehicle approaches it.
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The ramjet consists of an inlet, a combustion zone, and a nozzle.

The ramjet does not have the compressor and turbine as the
turbojet does. Air enters the inlet where it is compressed and then
enters the combustion zone where it is mixed with the fuel and
burned. The hot gases are then expelled through the
nozzle, developing thrust. The operation of the ramjet depends on
the inlet to decelerate the incoming air to raise the pressure in the
combustion zone.
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In the past few years, research and development have been done on
a ramjet that has the combustion process taking place at supersonic
velocities.
By using a supersonic combustion process, the temperature rise and
pressure loss due to deceleration in the inlet can be reduced. This
ramjet with supersonic combustion is known as the scramjet
(supersonic combustion ramjet).

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 Ramjets work with another power source for
initial thrust, such as a rocket
 Operates by combusting fuel in a stream of air
compressed by aircraft’s forward motion
 Airflow is subsonic, less than the speed of
sound

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 Scramjets
overcome the
speed limitation
 It is a supersonic-
combustion ramjet
 Needs another
engine or vehicle
to acceleratehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHRw
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 A pulsejet engine is a very simple jet engine consisting of
very little to no moving parts. The combustion cycle
comprises five or six phases: Induction, Compression, (in
some engines) Fuel Injection, Ignition, Combustion, and
Exhaust.

 The rapidly expanding gasses exit out of the engine and as

this happens a vacuum is created in the combustion chamber
which pulls in a fresh new air charge fro m the atmosphere,
and then the whole cycle repeats itself.
Rocket Engines

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 Propellants are defined as substance or
mixtures of substances of an explosive
nature in a solid and liquid state that burn
exothermally without contact with
atmospheric oxygen and form a large volume
of gas.
Characteristic of good Propellant:-
 It should produce high temp on combustion.
 It should burn at slow and steady rate.
 It should be state to handle and store under
ordinary conditions.
 It should be non corrosive and non-hydroscopic.
 It should leave no solid residue after ignition
 The principal of Rocket Propellant depends on the following
two laws.
 Newton’s third law of motion : (Every action has an equal and
opposite direction).
 Law of conservation at momentum:
 A rocket engine is generally throw Mass in the form of a high
pressure gas. The engine throws the mass of gas out in one
direction in one order to get a reaction in the opposite direction.
This develop required thrust (Thrust is the force which moves
any aircraft through the air).
 This thrust development in a rocket is an interesting application
of Newton’s third law of motion and momentum principals.
 From the momentum point of view the hot gasses acquire
momentum in forward direction. The burning process accelerates
the mass of fuel so that it comes out of rocket nozzle at high
speed. The fact that the fuel turns from a solid or liquid into a
gas when it burns does not change its mass. Here law of
conservation of momentum is applied.
Solid Propellants:-
 Solid propellants rockets are basically combustion
chamber tubes packed with a propellant that contains both
fuel and oxidizer blended together uniformly.
 The principal advantage is that a solid propellant is
relatively stable therefore it can be manufacture and
stored for future use.
 Solid propellants have a high density and can burn very
fast. They are relatively insensitive to shock, vibration and
acceleration. No propellant pumps are required.
 Disadvantages are that once ignited, burn until all the
propellant is used. Cracks in the in the
solid propellant increase the exposed surface area.
 Manufacture of a solid propellant is an expensive.
 Liquid propellants contain the fuel and
oxidizer as a single substance or mixture of
substance (Mono) or in two separate phases
(bipropellants). They are more advantageous
for use than the solid propellants and so their
uses are more versatile.
Types of Liquid Propellants:-
1. Mono Propellants
2. Bi-Propellants
3. Hybrid Propellants
 Mono Propellants combine the
properties of fuel and oxidizer in
one chemical. By their nature
monopropellants are unstable and
dangerous.
 Bipropellants consist of an
oxidizer and a fuel that are
injected in two separate phases to
the combustion chamber.
Commonly used oxidizers are O3,
liquid O2, etc.
 In hybrid propellants the compound are
present in different states of aggregation,
for example, a liquid oxidizer and solid fuel
or a solid oxidizer and a liquid fuel these
propellants occupy an intermediate position
between liquid and solid propellants. They
have higher specific impulse. Their
combustion is controllable but they are
hard to store and maintain.