Ê It is a tyre mounted vehicle with a body mounted on chassis and an operator

cabin.

Ê The body can be lifted or opened hydraulically for unloading of the material
inside the body.

Ê This is a common term used for a wide variety of configuration of trucks used
for transporting material.

Ê The payload capacity ranges from 10 ton trucks used mainly for construction
purpose and small private mines to 400 ton trucks which are mainly off road
vehicles.

Ê They are used exclusively in mines for carrying of overburden or ore.

Ê The smaller versions can be used both on road and off road; whereas the
higher versions are exclusively used for off road transportation only.
~


Sumpers are broadly classified into two
types on the basis of constructional
feature:-
1. Rigid Sumper
2. Articulated Sumper

Classification of dumper on the basis of

how loaded material is discharged:-
1. Rear Sischarge Sumper
2. Side Sischarge Sumper
3. Bottom Sischarge Sumper
’


w A j

 
is a truck chassis with a
dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is
raised by a hydraulic ram mounted under the
front of the dumper body between the frames,
and the back of the bed is hinged at the back
to the truck.

w The tailgate can be configured to swing on

hinges or it can be configured in the "High Lift
Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic rams lift
the gate open and up above the dump body.
À



w In this type of dumper, cab and dump box are joined with hinge
arrangement.

w Steering is accomplished via hydraulic rams that pivot the entire

cabin.

w This is highly adoptable in rough terrain.

w The body and cab move independently of each other, allowing the
entire truck to flex as it moves over irregular terrain. And because
the tractor unit is self-contained in a single unit, greater tractive
effort can be applied to help move the unit through wet soils.

w The articulated dump truck was made to be more versatile. It's

able to go into areas that most other off-road hauling equipment
could not go into. You can load a bigger variety of material into a
dump truck and can haul it longer distances.
Ú

ÚÚ

w First is the articulation that provides a way to steer the machine.

w Second is the oscillation tube that allows the machine to oscillate almost 360º
and ensures that the six wheels maintain equal contact with the ground.

w Third, they have a robust steel frame that provides long-term durability.

w Fourth, ADTs have strong suspension systems that can handle the higher
payloads.

w Fifth, they use automated transmissions to provide better handling

characteristics.

w And finally, they use very high flotation tires to allow the trucks to operate in
various soil conditions.
’ 


Ê In this loaded material is discharged through
rear end of the body with the help of two
hydraulic rams of 10t to 15t capacity.
Ê The outer cylinder end of the rams is
attached with the chassis whereas the inner
cylinder ends are connected with the main
body.
Ê When the inner cylinder of the rams are
retracted the main loading body again come
to it·s original position.
Ê Maneuverability is very poor.
Ê It has excellent traction facility
î 


w It has hydraulic rams which tilt the dump body onto its side,
spilling the material to either the left or right side of the trailer.
w The key advantages of the side dump are that it allows rapid
unloading and can carry more weight in western United States.
w It is almost immune to upset (tipping over) while dumping unlike
the semi end dumps which are very prone to tipping over.
w Trailers that dump at the appropriate angle (50° for example)
avoid the problem of the dumped load fouling the path of the
trailer wheels by dumping their loads further to the side of the
truck, in some cases leaving sufficient clearance to walk between
the dumped load and the trailer.


  


w ottom dump trucks, most often used for HMA in more rural
settings, unload their payload by opening gates on the bottom
of the bed.
w Internal bed walls are sloped to direct the entire payload out
through the opened gates.
w Discharge rates can be controlled by the degree of gate
opening and the speed of the truck during discharge.
w The discharge is usually placed in an elongated pile, called a
windrow, in front of the paver by driving the truck forward during
discharge.
u  


Œ


Ê The specific power rating of a truck system varies from 6-8 kW/t of
load.
Ê The engines (2 cycle or 4cycle type) are operated mostly by diesel
having supercharger or turbocharger along with inter cooling
arrangements.
Ê Presently 16 cylinder engines with a power ranging of more than
1800 kW are in the market.
S 

Ê It is a system which supplies power from the engine to wheels.

Ê The drive system may be classified into many categories like
(a) mechanical and hydro mechanical drive
(b) hydrostatic drive and
(c) electric drive.
Ê Manually operated mechanical drive contains gear (around five) and couplings
which are operated by air assisted clutches, gear operating system and
steering mechanism.
Ê The manually operated drives are used for lower capacity trucks.
Ê The larger size and the improved version trucks are all having hydro
mechanical drive and this is always the presence of torque converter,
hydraulic clutches, gear system and hydraulic transmission arrangement.
Ê A lock up clutch is provided with the drive system to cut out the torque
converter from the drive as well as to re-establish the mechanical continuity.
Ê Traction motors , each of which is housed inside the rear wheel rim drives a
series of sun and planetary reduction gear system which finally drive the
wheel.
M
 

 

To save the frame and body presently hydro-

pneumatic suspension system operated by nitrogen
gas compressed by oil under pressure are widely
used in heavy trucks for their high shock absorbing
efficiency.

  

Hoisting and lowering operation as well as steering

operations are done and controlled by the hydraulic
system operated by a vane pump.
   

Ê The body of the off-highway trucks are generally of

¶Standard· the ¶V· type or modified ¶V· type made of thick,
high strength, alloy steel. Sometimes aluminum alloy is also
used for construction of the body to make it a lighter one.

~ 

Ê Both ply ratings and size of the tyres are selected based
on the amount of load, gradient of the haulage road.

Ê The base of the tyres are selected based on the requirement

of contact area with the surface, flotation, load to be
carried-out, reduction of vibration and tyre cutting damage,
maintenance requirement etc.
î
 

w Twin-air horn for front and back-up warning.
w Service and parking brake interlocks.
w Full time power steering system.
w Emergency engine shut off to stop the engine in case of
emergency.
w Radiator fan guards
w Seat belts for the driver.
w Automatic reverse signal alarm which is audible above the
surrounding noise level. etc
 ‰




w An effective audible warning signal should be sounded
whenever the driver wishes to move the vehicle without having
clear vision immediately in front and behind.

w All low points on mine roads should be adequately drained so as

to eliminate accumulations of standing water.

w The operating speed of dumper/truck should be consistent with

conditions of roadways, grades, clearances, visibility, traffic and
the type of equipment used.

w All operators should maintain full control of the dumper/truck

while it is on motion. Haulage equipment should be operated
under power control at all times.

w All ramps and dumping facilities should be of substantial

construction and have suitable width, clearance and headroom
to accommodate the equipment using the facilities.