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Characteristics of Sensations
Perceptions: conscious sensation
“eyes see” ; specialized sensory neurons integrated in cerebral cortex
where they are interpreted
Adaptation: a decrease in strength of a sensation due to
prolonged stimulus which may lead to perceptions fading or
disappearing even though stimulus persists
Review Table 12.1, page 315 for test
Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Go to page 316 and try labeling…
a. Meissner corpuscles (Corpuscles of touch)
b. Pacinian corpuscles (Lamellated corpuscles)
c. Ruffini corpuscles (Type II cutaneous
mechanoreceptors)
d. Merkel Disks (Type I cutaneous
mechanoreceptors)
e. Hair Root Plexuses
f. Free nerve Endings
Tactile Sensations (Mechanoreceptors)
Touch, pressure, vibration
-- Detected by encapsulated nerve endings
Itch, and tickle
-- Detected by free nerve endings
Touch
rapidly adapting touch receptors:
Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpulses)_
Hair root plexuses_
slowly adapting touch receptors:
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Merkel disks)
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpulses)
1. bitter
2. salty
3. sour
4. sweet
VISION (Photoreceptors)
Physiology of Hearing
(1) auricle directs sound waves into external auditory canal
(2) sound waves strike eardrum; produce vibrations, eardrum vibrates in
response
(3) central area of eardrum connects to malleus that also starts to vibrate,
vibration moves from malleus to incus to stapes
(4) stapes moves back and forth, pushes the oval window in and out
(5) movement of oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in cochlea
(6) pressure waves move eventually to membrane covering the round
window causing it to bulge into the middle ear
(7) pressure waves deform walls internal structures pushing membranes
back and forth, creating pressure waves inside cochlear duct
(8) pressure causes basilar membrane to vibrate, moving hair cells of the
spiral organ release neurotransmitter molecules; sensory neurons
generate nerve impulses along nerve and sound is received and
interpreted
Physiology of Equilibrium
Static equilibrium
maintenance of the position of the body relative to the
force of gravity; maintains posture and balance by
providing sensory information on the position of the
head
Dynamic equilibrium
maintenance of body position in response to sudden
movements such as rotation, acceleration, and
deceleration; reestablish balance to disturbed
equilibrium by regulating sensitivity of hair cells in the
ear