z

ATOMIC
MODEL
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DALTON’S
MODEL

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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DALTON’S MODEL

 Dalton’s 1807 “billiard ball” model

pictured the atom as a tiny
indivisible, uniformly dense, solid
sphere.
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THOMSON – “PLUM PUDDING
MODEL”
 In 1903 J.J. Thomson discovered the electron.

 Further experiments by Thomson and others showed

an electron has a mass of 9.11 × 10−31 kg and a
charge of −1.6 × 10−19 C

 Thomson produced rays using several different gas

types in cathode-ray tubes.

 Thomson concluded that this ray consisted of

particles (now called electrons)
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THOMSON’S MODEL
Thomson’s 1903
“plum pudding model”
conceived the atom as
a sphere of positive
charge in which
z
negatively charge
electrons were
embedded.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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ERNEST RUTHERFORD’S MODEL

 In 1911 Rutherford discovered that

99.7% of the mass of an atom was
concentrated in a tiny core, or nucleus.
 Rutherford’s model envisioned the
electrons as circulating in some way
around a positively charged core.
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Rutherford’s model

 Rutherford’s 1911
“nuclear model”
envisioned the atom
as having a dense
center of positive
charge (the nucleus)
around which the
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

electrons orbited.
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z This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Electromagnetic radiation that have relatively low frequencies (about 10 Hz)

MICROWAVES
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THE MICROWAVE OVEN

 Because most foods contain moisture, their water

molecules absorb the microwave radiation and
gain energy.

 As the water molecules gain energy, they rotate

more rapidly, thus heating/cooking the item.

 Fats and oils in the foods also preferentially gain

energy from the microwaves.
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“Discovery” of Microwave as a Cooking
Tool

 In 1946 a Raytheon Corporation engineer,

Percy Spencer, put his chocolate bar too
close to a microwave source

 The chocolate bar melted of course, and…

 Within a year Raytheon introduced the first

commercial microwave oven!
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X-rays

 Accidentally discovered in 1895 by the German physicist

Wilhelm Roentgen

 He noticed while working with a gas-discharge tube that a

piece of fluorescent paper across the room was glowing

 Roentgen deduced that some unknown/unseen radiation

from the tube was the cause.

 He called this mysterious radiation “x-radiation” because it

was unknown
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X-Ray Production

 Electrons from the cathode are

accelerated toward the anode.
Upon interacting with the atoms of
the anode, the atoms emit energy
in the form of x-rays.
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Early use of X-rays

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC

BY-SA
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Early use of X-Rays

 Within few months of their discovery, X-

rays were being put to practical use.
 Unfortunately, much of the early use of
X-rays was far too aggressive, resulting
in later cancer.
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Early Thoughts about Elements

 The Greek philosophers (600-200 B.C.) were

the first people to speculate about the basic
substances of matter.

 Aristotle speculated that all matter on earth is

composed of only four elements, earth, air,
fire, and water.

 He was wrong on all counts.

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SYMBOLS OF THE ELEMENTS

 Swedish chemist, Jons Jakob

Berzeellus (early 1800’s) used
one or two letters of the Latin
name to designate each
element.
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Symbols of the Elements
Modern Name Symbol Latin Name
Antimony Sb Stibium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum
Potassium K Kalium
Silver Ag Argentum
Sodium Na Natrium
Tin Sn Stanmum
Tungsten W Wolfram
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The Atom

 All matter is composed of atoms.

 An atom is composed of three subatomic particles:

electrons (-), protons (+), and neutrons (0)

 The nucleus of the atom contains the protons and the

neutrons (also called nucleons)

 The electrons surround (orbit) the nucleus.

 Electrons and protons have equal but opposite charges.

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The Atomic Nucleus

 Protons and neutrons have nearly the

same mass and are 2000 times more
massive than an electron.
 Discovery – electron ( J.J. Thomson in
1897), Proton ( Ernest Rutherford in 1918)
and Neutron ( James Chadwick in 1932 )
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Rutherford’s alpha Scattering
Experiment

 J.J. Thomson’s “plum pudding”

model predicted the alpha particles
would pass through the evenly
distributed positive charges in the
gold atoms.
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Rutherford’s Only 1 out of 20,000 alpha particles bounced

back.
Alpha-
Scattering Rutherford could only explain this by assuming
that each gold atom had it positive charge
concentrated in a very small “nucleus”
Experiment
Diameter of nucleus = about 10

Electron orbit diameter = about 10

Atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus

(99.97%)
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Visual Representation of a Nucleus

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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ATOMIC DESIGNATIONS
 Atomic Number (Z) – the # of protons in the nucleus
(“defines” the element – the # of protons is always the
same for a given element)

 Atomic Number also designates the number of

electrons in an element.

 If an element either gains or loses electrons, the

resulting particle is called an ion.

 For example, if a sodium atom (Na) loses electron it

becomes a sodium ion (Na )
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More Atomic Designations
 Mass Number (A) – protons + neutrons, or
the total number of nucleons

 Isotope – when the number of neutrons vary

in the nucleus of a given element (always
same number of protons)

 Only 112 elements are known, but the total

number of isotopes is about 2000.
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

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THE PERIODIC TABLE
 Is made up of squared, with each element
having its own square in specific location

 An element is identified in each square with

its chemical symbol

 Each row is called a period . The periods are

numbered from 1 to 7 on the left side. Period
1 has two elements H and He.

 A vertical column of elements is called a

family (or group) of elements.
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CHEMICAL FAMILIES
 ALKALI METALS – the members of the IA
family, are shiny-low-density metals that are
soft so that they can be cut easily with a knife
(except H) because they react violently with
water to form an alkaline solution.

 ALKALINE EARTH METALS – in group IIA

the elements have an outside configuration of
two electrons which are not as reactive as the
alkali metals
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CHEMICAL FAMILIES

 The elements in group VIIA, called

HALOGENS, have an outside configuration of
seven electrons, they are very reactive
nonmetals, which are used as disinfectants,
bleaches, and combined with a metal, is a
source of light in halogen headlight.
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CHEMICAL FAMILIES

 The elements in group VIIIA, called the

noble gases have orbitals that are filled
to capacity in the outside shells
 Colorless, odorless gases that are inert
because they almost never react with
other elements.
 Using the Periodic Table of Elements, look up the
z symbol, atomic number, and a number of subatomic
particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) of the
elements listed on the table.
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Sodium
Calcium
Copper
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Gold
Mercury
Silver
Helium