Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Rizal Panggabean
*
*ABC Triangle, or the triangle of conflict, is one of the most
popular and useful way to investigate and to illustrate the
complexities of conflict.
*First developed by Johan Galtung, based on his research on
the definitions of conflict, the triangle summarizes the
elements or dimensions of conflict.
*ABC Triangle provides a useful framework to analyze the
stakeholders/actors in a conflict situation, by going deeper
into three important aspects of conflict dynamics: context,
attitudes, and behavior.
* C: Context and Contradiction
* Refers to the incompatibility of goals (needs, interests) between parties to the
conflict.
* Possible sources of incompatibility is different from conflict to conflict.
Examples:
* Social structure vs. social values (caste system; patriarchy; rich-poor; ethnicity;
religion)
* Scarcity (of oil, water, elected offices)
* Competition (for market share; in election; for power)
* Migration (rural to urban; north African countries to Europe)
* Change (social; political; economic; globalization; climate)
* Sources of incompatibility may overlap, creating more tension and increasing
the stakes.
* Questions:
* What contradiction precedes the conflict you are dealing with?
* How is the contradiction built into the society?
* What are the contentious issues emerged from the incompatibility?
* How development programs build incompatibility into the society?
*
* Refers to parties’ perception and other psychological conditions experienced
by the parties in a conflict situation. Attitudes include cognitive aspects such
as misperception, enemy construction, negative stereotypes, and feelings
such as anger, hate, suspicion,
* Possible sources of conflict attitudes:
* Aggressive drives
* Intra-personel tensions
* Aggregate frustrations
* Dehumanization
* Parties to a conflict develop different feelings, emotions, perceptions (and
misperception) toward the other.
* Questions:
* What negative feelings and emotions developed among parties to the
conflict you are dealing with?
* How do these maintained and sustained and through what processes?
* Do certain programs and policies created negative attitudes among the
parties or beneficiaries?
*
*Refers to the polarizing – and sometimes destructive – activities
or actual behavior of the parties in a conflict.
*Examples: throwing, burning, killing, intimidating, shooting,
demonstration, war, &c.&c.
*Questions:
* What conflict behaviors are used in a conflict situation you are dealing
with?
* What strategy and tactics are used?
* What weapons are used in the conflict?
* What conflict behaviors emerged due to certain development programs
and assistance in a community?
*
* Conflict can be negative/destructive in its process
and outcome; it can be positive/constructive. Conflict
does not equal violence
* Possible benefits of conflict:
* It create or foster social change
* Transform latent conflict into manifest conflict amenable
for resolution and transformation
* Focus energy and policy to important problems in the
society and then to problem-solving
* The key is whether there is conflict
management/transformation and if yes whether it is
good or poor and whether it lead to violence or
peace
*
Democratization
Elections
Majority rule
Minority rights
Youth
Economic reform/conversion
Security sector reform