History of Boxing

A. In The Beginning
 The earliest evidence of boxing dates back to Egypt around 3000 BC. The sport was introduced to the
ancient Olympic Games by the Greeks in the late 7th century BC, when soft leather thongs were used
to bind boxers’ hands and forearms for protection.
B. ROMAN DEVELOPMENTS
 Later, in Rome, leather thongs were exchanged for the cestus – a glove studded with metal.
Unfortunately this did not help the gladiators involved, as boxing matches of the era usually ended
with the death of one or other contestant.
C. AMATEUR BOXING
 With the fall of the Roman Empire, boxing came to an abrupt end. It resurfaced in 17th century
England, and organized amateur boxing officially began in 1880. Originally only five weight classes
were contested: Bantam, not exceeding 54 kilos; Feather, not exceeding 57 kilos; Light, not exceeding
63.5 kilos; Middle, not exceeding 73 kilos; and Heavy, any weight.
D. OLYMPIC HISTORY
 When boxing made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St Louis, it was the USA, the only
country entered, which took all the medals. Later, the Americans continued to dominate
boxing, winning 109 medals (including 48 gold) out of the 842 up for grabs, closely followed by
the Cubans and Russians.
 Since its inclusion in the Olympic programme, boxing has been staged at each edition of the
Games, except in 1912 in Stockholm, owing to Swedish law, which forbade the practice.
The rules have evolved since the 1980s: 1984 in Los Angeles: protective helmet obligatory; 1992
in Barcelona: set-up of an electronic scoring system to strengthen the objectivity of refereeing;
2007: standardized point scoring.
 Women’s boxing will make its debut at the 2012 London Games in London. The current 11
men’s events will be replaced by 10 men’s and 3 women’s events.
There are four main punches in boxing:
 Jab — a sudden punch.
 Cross — a straight punch.
 Hook — a short side punch.
 Uppercut — a short swinging upward punch.

Defensive Boxing Tactics

There are several ways to defend yourself from a punch either by dodging or blocking them:
 Sidestep — literally stepping to the side of the blow.
 Snap back — rocking backwards to avoid the blow connecting.
 Sway to one side — swaying from the hips to avoid the punch.
 Block — stopping the punch with the forearm, shoulder, elbow or glove.
 Duck down — duck out of the way of a punch.
 Parry or deflect to one side — knock the punch aside.
 Cover up — use the arms and gloves to best protect the head and body.

Counter Attacking Boxing Tactics

Left Jab Counter
 The punch that boxers will face most often is the jab, and from a right-handed boxer this will
be the left jab. Another good ploy is to duck beneath an opponent's left jab and return a left jab
to his body.
Straight Right Counter
 A good boxer should never really get caught by a straight right as it is within sight all the way
to when it connects. The boxer can sidestep to the left to avoid the punch. And then return a
straight right to the opponent.
Fighting In Close
 A large part of a fight may be won by simply avoiding your opponent’s punches and tiring
him out. However, a different tactic could involve boxing at close range or ‘infighting’, almost
toe-to-toe with the opponent.
 You cannot hit below the belt, hold, trip, kick, head butt, wrestle, bite, spit on, or push
your opponent.
 You cannot hit with your head, shoulder, forearm, or elbow.
 You cannot hit with an open glove, the inside of the glove, the wrist, the backhand, or
the side of the hand.
 You cannot punch your opponent's back, or the back of his head or neck (rabbit punch),
or on the kidneys (kidney punch).
 You cannot throw a punch while holding on to the ropes to gain leverage.

Gives instructions to both boxers before the fight.

Determines when to start or stop a count when a fighter is down.
Determines when a foul is so egregious that a warning should be given or points taken
away.
Signals when the round is over.
Determines when one fighter's health will be endangered by more blows, and thus, stops
the fight.
 Dating all the way back to 776 B.C., the first
event of the first-ever Olympics Games was a
foot race. In 490 B.C., a Greek soldier named
Pheidippides is said to have run from
Marathon to Athens, Greece—roughly 25
miles—to deliver news of a military victory
against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon
Maintaining Your Speed
 The last 30 meters is what separates the winners from the pretenders. This is where all
sprinters start slowing down and the race gets interesting. The sprinter who can
maintain the most speed for the final 30 meters will more than likely be declared the
winner.
Block Set-up
 The front foot should be about two foot lengths from the start line. The back foot should
be placed at a toe to heel relationship with the front foot.
 Sprinters should run in designated lanes and cannot cross lanes, throughout the
race.
 In races with bunched starts, athletes can break inside. In 800-meter race, they start
from staggered positions and can break inside after the first bend.
 Sprinters shouldn’t step on white lines that mark their lanes throughout the race.
 Before giving the ‘set’ command or before firing the starter gun, athletes cannot
touch the other side of the start line with their hands or feet.
 Athletes should not obstruct other athletes during the race.
 Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends, but they cannot come
back to the track else they will be disqualified.
 If an athlete is obstructed, the referee may order the race to be held again, or he
may ask the athlete to take part in the next round.

Head Referee - Responsible for the enforcement of the rules and interpretations in the
case of conflicts or judgment calls.
Recording - This is very important position and requires one or two individuals to
download all of the finish information from the Timers, organize it, keep a running
score, and publish the results.
Finish Line - Responsible for recording the finish of the individuals that have
completed in the events. This can take from two to five individuals depending on the
Meet.
 The game was invented in England in the early days of the 20th century and
was originally called Ping-Pong, a trade name. The name table tennis was
adopted in 1921–22 when the old Ping-Pong Association formed in 1902 was
revived. The original association had broken up about 1905, though
apparently the game continued to be played in parts of England outside
London and by the 1920s was being played in many countries. Led by
representatives of Germany, Hungary, and England, the Fédération
Internationale de Tennis de Table (International Table Tennis Federation) was
founded in 1926, the founding members being England, Sweden, Hungary,
India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales. By the mid-
1990s more than 165 national associations were members.

 The first world championships were held in London in 1926, and from then
until 1939 the game was dominated by players from central Europe, the men’s
team event being won nine times by Hungary and twice by Czechoslovakia.
In the mid-1950s Asia emerged as a breeding ground of champions, and from
that time the men’s team event has been won by either Japan or China, as has
the women’s event, though to a lesser extent; North Korea also became an
international force. In 1980 the first World Cup was held, and Guo Yuehua of
China won the $12,500 first prize. Table tennis became an Olympic sport in
1988, with singles and doubles competition for men and women.
Attack / Offensive Style
Strengths
 Will gain maximum advantage from third ball attack
 Can vary spin and speed
 Continual use of topspin makes it difficult for opponent to make opening
Weakness
 Very physically demanding
 More time needed to recover, slightly longer strokes
 Vulnerable to change in pace, to upset timing

Counter Hitter/Blocker
Strengths
 Speed of reaction and anticipation
 Take ball early
 Uses opponent’s speed and topspin
Weakness
 Vulnerable to changes in pace and spin
 Often finds severe backspin difficult

Defensive Style
Strengths
 Patience and consistency
 Will vary the spin
 May use a racket with different rubber on each side to produce different effects on the ball
Scoring
 A match is played best 3 of 5 games (or 4/7 or 5/9). For each game, the first player to
reach 11 points wins that game, however a game must be won by at least a two point
margin.
Flow of the match
 Each player serves two points in a row and then switch server. However, if a score of 10-
10 is reached in any game, then each server serves only one point and then the server is
switched. After each game, the players switch side of the table. In the final game (i.e 5th
game), the players switch side again after either player reaches 5 points.
Legal Serve
 The ball must rest on an open hand palm. Then it must be tossed up at least 6 inches and
struck so the ball first bounces on the server's side and then the opponent's side.
 If the serve is legal except that it touches the net, it is called a let serve. Let serves are not
scored and are reserved.

Table Tennis officiating can be divided into two sections – Refereeing and Umpiring.
Referees control the conduct of tournaments; umpires control the conduct of matches.

Both sets of officials have their own responsibilities, with the referee in overall
control while umpires have their own powers in relation to their match duties.
 The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,” was invented in 1895
by William G. Morgan after the invention of basketball only four years before.
Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA, designed the
game to be a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball.
 The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis, was only 6’6″ high (though you
need to remember that the average American was shorter in the nineteenth
century).
 The offensive style of setting and spiking was first demonstrated in the
Philippines in 1916. Over the years that followed, it became clear that
standard rules were needed for tournament play, and thus the USVBA
(United States Volleyball Association) was formed in 1928.
 Two years later, the first two-man beach volleyball game was played, though
the professional side of the sport did not emerge until much later. Not
surprisingly, the first beach volleyball association appeared in California
(1965), and the professional players united under the auspices of the AVP
(American Volleyball Professionals) in 1983.
 During the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, American men and women took gold
and silver medals in indoor volleyball competitions. Four years later at the
Olympics in Korea, the men once again scored gold. Starting in 1996, two-man
beach volleyball was officially introduced to the Olympics. Today, there are
more than 800 million volleyball players worldwide, 46 million of them in the
U.S.
Serve
 Firstly the serve is the first shot to begin the game and a point. A good serve will score
you a point or put the opposition at a disadvantage position. A poor serve is when the
serve doesn’t go over the net or is not controlled and goes out of bounds. Always serve
to score points not just to get it over the net.
Passing
 Passing involves a sequence of 3 shots in between you team. It’s a tactic to set up
for a strike attack. Therefore it is passing the ball by hitting it to set up to score
points.
Setting
 The following shot after the dig is called the setting or the set. It’s an overhand or
overhead shot.
Spike
 Once the setting shot us in the air and performed. The player would perform the
spike shot. A spike shot is fast direct shot to the opposition’s side of the net.
Blocking
 A well timed and effective block will diffuse an attack. Players near the net when
defending will jump up with their arms out and attempt to block the shot coming
over the net.
Diving, Rolling and Sliding
 Clearly instead of just letting the ball hit the ground and let the other team score
the point be brave and dive, slide or roll instead. It’s a great tactic to defend a spike
because the spike is coming fast and is hard to defend.
 6 players on the floor at any one time - 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row.
 Maximum of 3 hits per side.
 Points are made on every serve for wining team of rally (rally-point scoring).
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession. (A block is not considered a hit.)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
 A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
 A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net
or cables outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, the ceiling above a non-playable
area.

The scorekeepers main job is to make sure the score is correct at all times.
The scorekeeper uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.
If only two line judges are used, they stand at the corner of the end line that is closest
to the right hand of each referee, diagonally from the corner.
The assistant scorers main function is to record libero replacements on to a libero
tracking sheet.
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