Sunteți pe pagina 1din 49

SEDIMENTOLOGY

-Definition,
-Origin of Sedimentary Materials
-Process of formation
SEDIMENTOLOGY

 study of modern sediments such as sand, silt,


and clay, and the processes that result in their
formation (erosion and weathering), transport,
deposition and diagenesis
 Sedimentary rocks cover up to 75% of the
Earth's surface
y
STRATIGRAPHY

 Is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers ( strata )


and layering ( stratification ). It is primary used in the study of sedimentary and
layered volcanic rocks.
Stratigraphy has two related subfields:
 Lithologic Stratigraphy or Lithostratigraphy
- is the geological science associated with the study of rock layers or
strata.
 Biologic Stratigraphy or Biostratigraphy
- is the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and
assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained
within them.
PRINCIPLE OF SEDIMENTATION
Principles of sediment
- is used to know more information about the characteristics of
sedimentary rocks that are deposited in basins. Principles of Sedimentary rocks can be
classified into:
 Principle of superposition
- Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest
on the bottom and the youngest on the top.
 Principle of original horizontality
- The deposition of sediments in a horizontal way which is their relief
angle.
 Principle of lateral continuity
- The layers of sediments extend in all directions If there is no any
restrictions on their ways.
 Principle of cross-cutting relationships
- intrusive/cutting rock or layer is younger than the layers of sediments
METHODOLOGY OF SEDIMENTATION
Methodology of identifying the sedimentation of rocks is based on collecting all possible
information from the rocks including:

• Measuring and describing the outcrop and distribution of the rock unit.
-Describing the rock formation, a formal process of documenting thickness,
lithology, outcrop, distribution, contact relationships to other formations
-Mapping the distribution of the rock unit
• Descriptions of rock core (drilled and extracted from wells during hydrocarbon
exploration)
• Sequence stratigraphy
-Describes the progression of rock units within a basin
• Describing the lithology of the rock
- particularly measurement of texture, grain size, grain shape (sphericity,
rounding, and so on), sorting and composition of the sediment
• Analyzing the geochemistry of the rock
- including use of radiometric dating, to determine the age of the rock, and its
affinity to source regions
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTATION

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks are very useful for identifying


sedimentation methodology as it is possible to get more information about rocks

 Porosity is the volume of voids within a rock which can contains fluids.
 Permeability is the ability of water or other liquids to pass freely through a rock.
 Roundness indicates the roughness of sedimentary grains' surfaces.
 Sorting indicates to the range of particle sizes in the sediments or sedimentary
rock.
 Matrix is a fine-grained material that's deposited originally with coarser-grained
minerals
ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY MATERIALS

 Sedimentary materials are formed when sediment is


deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows
carrying the particles in suspension. This sediment is often
formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock
into loose material in a source area.
ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY MATERIALS

 Many sedimentary rocks are also distinguished


from igneous and metamorphic rocks by their
mineral and chemical compositions and fossil
content.
Types of Sedimentary Materials base on
Origin

 Sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into four groups


based on the processes responsible for their formation:
clastic sedimentary rocks, biochemical (biogenic)
sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and a
fourth category for "other" sedimentary rocks formed by
impacts, volcanism, and other minor processes
Types of Sedimentary Materials base
on Origin

 Clastic sedimentary rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of other rock


fragments that were cemented by silicate minerals. Clastic
rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic)
fragments, clay minerals, and mica; any type of mineral may
be present, but they in general represent the minerals that
exist locally.
Types of Sedimentary Materials base
on Origin
 Conglomerates and breccias
Conglomerates are dominantly composed of
rounded gravel, while breccias are composed of dominantly
angular gravel.
Types of Sedimentary Materials base
on Origin
 Sandstone classification schemes vary widely, but most geologists have adopted the Dott
scheme, which uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework
grains and the abundance of a muddy matrix between the larger grains.
 Quartz sandstones have >90% quartz grains
 Feldspathic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more feldspar grains than lithic
grains
 Lithic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more lithic grains than feldspar grains
 Abundance of muddy matrix material between sand grains
 When sand-sized particles are deposited, the space between the grains either remains
open or is filled with mud (silt and/or clay sized particle).
 "Clean" sandstones with open pore space (that may later be filled with matrix material)
are called arenites.
 Muddy sandstones with abundant (>10%) muddy matrix are called wackes.
 Quartz sandstones have >90% quartz grains
 Feldspathic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more feldspar
grains than lithic grains
 Lithic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more lithic grains than
feldspar grains
Abundance of muddy matrix material between sand grains
 When sand-sized particles are deposited, the space between the grains
either remains open or is filled with mud (silt and/or clay sized
particle).
 "Clean" sandstones with open pore space (that may later be filled with
matrix material) are called arenites.
 Muddy sandstones with abundant (>10%) muddy matrix are called
wackes.
Sand Stone
Mudrocks

 Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized
particles. These relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported
by turbulent flow in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the
particles settle out of suspension.

Mudrocks are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying
types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale. Most
of the particles of which the stone is composed are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th
mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight
the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in
composition and nomenclature.
Mudrocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical sedimentary rocks

 Biochemical sedimentary rocks are created when


organisms use materials dissolved in air or water to build
their tissue. Examples include:
 Most types of limestone are formed from the calcareous
skeletons of organisms such as corals, mollusks,
and foraminifera.
 Coal, formed from plants that have removed carbon from
the atmosphere and combined it with other elements to
build their tissue.
EL CAPITAN
Guadalupe Mauntains,
National Park Texas -280 million year old Reef
-Built by algae,Sponges and bryozoans
-1000 ft High
Chemical sedimentary rocks

 Chemical sedimentary rock forms when mineral


constituents in solution become supersaturated and
inorganically precipitate. Common chemical sedimentary
rocks include oolitic limestone and rocks composed
of evaporite minerals, such as halite (rock
salt), sylvite, barite and gypsum.
Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks

 are composed of various carbonate minerals (most


often calcium carbonate (CaCO3)) precipitated by a
variety of organic and inorganic processes. Typically, the
majority of carbonate rocks are composed of reef.
Evaporites Sedimentary rocks

 are formed through the evaporation of water at the


Earth's surface and most commonly
include halite or gypsum
WEATHERING
 When rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) are at or near the surface of the
earth they are exposed to the processes of weathering.

Mechanical weathering rocks are broken up into smaller pieces by frost-wedging (the freezing and
thawing of water inside cracks in the rock), root-wedging (tree and other plant roots growing into
cracks), and abrasion caused by, for example, sand-blasting of a cliff face by blowing sands in the
dessert, or the scouring of water transported sand, gravel, and boulders on the bedrock of a
mountain stream. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces but without
otherwise altering the minerals.
Chemical weathering minerals are changed into new minerals and mineral byproducts. Some
minerals like halite and calcite may dissolve completely. Others, especially silicate minerals, are
altered by a chemical process called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the reaction of minerals in weakly
acidic waters. Most natural surface waters are slightly acidic because carbon dioxide from the air
dissolves in the water. Some of the dissolved CO2 reacts with the water forming the chemical
compound carbonic acid.
TRANSPORT

 As the process of weathering proceeds the products are carried off.


The most important transporting agent is water. Water carries or rolls
particles in rivers, from the smallest suspended clay particles to the
largest boulders. Boulders and smaller rock fragments continue to be
broken up and chemically altered as they tumble downstream. Water
also carries dissolved minerals, such as silica and cations downstream
as well as in the groundwater
DEPOSITION
 Sediments are transported only when there is enough energy in the
transporting medium, for example, when a stream is flowing rapidly
enough to carry a given size of sedimentary particle. Steep mountain
streams can move large boulders during spring flood but these boulders
will never be transported out into a placid lowland river. So the largest
sediments (boulders, cobbles, and pebbles) which survive the weathering
process, tend to be deposited near to their source, for example at the
point where a mountain stream flows out onto a valley floor. Sediments of
a given size are deposited whenever they move into an environment with
insufficient energy to transport them. For example, silt carried by a
flooding river will settle out in the quiet backwaters outside the river
banks (perhaps enriching someone's farmland - while wrecking their
home).Sediments are deposited layer upon layer. The layers are deposited
horizontally
COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION

 As sedimentation continues, the earlier deposited


sediments are laden with an increasing
overburden. They are compacted, reducing the
available pore space and expelling much of the
pore-water.
Process of formation

 Sedimentary rocks are type of rocks that are


formed by deposition and subsequent
cementation of the sediments at the Earth’s
surface within the bodies of water.
Deposition

 is the geological process in which sediments, soil


and rocks are added to landform or landmass
Importance of Sedimentary Rocks in Civil
Engineering
Structural Uses such as:
 Roads
 Houses
 Canals
 Buildings

Architectural Uses:
 -Walls
 -Ceilings
STRUCTURAL Uses

 Roads : Concrete Pavement


Structural Uses

 Sand And Gravel


Structural Uses

 Houses: Cement
Structural Uses

 Canals : Reinforce Concrete Pipe


Structural Uses

 Sand and Cement


Structural Uses

 Buildings : Footing
Structural Uses

 Limestone Gravel
Architectural Uses

 Walls
Architectural Uses

 Clay and Limestone


Architectural Uses

 Ceiling
Architectural Uses

 Gypsum Board
Architectural Uses

 Flooring
Architectural Uses

 Pebbles
Other Importance of Sedimentary Rocks

 Coil
 Fossil Fuels
 Drinking Water
 Ores
 Human Seasoning
 Metal & wire connection

S-ar putea să vă placă și