NERVOUS

SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Integrates the
functions of the other
body systems and
controls the various life
processes of the human
body.
THE NEURON
 The neuron or nerve cell is the
functional and structural unit of the
nervous system.
 Carrying messages from one part of the
body to another in the form of electrical
signal known as impulse.
 Bundles of neuron fibers are called
nerves.
 Neuron is made up of three parts. (cell
body, dendrites and an axon)
CELL BODY
The largest part of the
neuron and contains the
nucleus, cytoplasm and other
organelles.
It is where the metabolic
activities of the neuron takes
place.
DENDRITES
Itlooks like many
short branches of a
tree, receive impulses
from neighbouring
neuron and carry
them toward the cell.
AXON
The long tail-like,
single branch of fiber
that quickly carries
impulses away from
the cell body to
another neuron.
Schwann Cells – the long
length that grow around an
axon and wrap it in thick
insulating layers of Myelin
Sheath.
Nodes of ranvier – the gaps
between the Schwann cells
where the axon membrane
exposed.
SYNAPSE
The small space between the
axon terminal of a neuron and
the dendrites of the next
neuron is called synapse.
The neurotransmitter are
releases into the synaptic gap
and bind to the receptors on
the membrane of a nearby
neuron.
THREE TYPES OF NEURONS
 The sensory neurons receive impulses
from the sense organs and carry them to
brain and the spinal cord where they are
processed.
 Motor Neurons carry the processed
information from the brain or spinal
cord to neurons or to cells of muscles or
other organs.
 The interneurons connect sensory and
motor neurons and carry impulses
between them.
DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
(CNS), consists of the brain and
the spinal cord is the coordinating
center of the nervous system that
processes all the incoming and
outgoing signals.
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS), consists of nerves and
associated cells that connect the
brain and the spinal cord to the
rest of the body.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The brain and the spinal cord that make up
the central nervous system share structural
similarities. They both have structures that
protect them from injuries.
 The brain is protected by the skull and the
spinal cord is protected by the backbone.
Both are encased by three layers of tough,
elastic tissue called meninges.
 Between the meninges is a space filled with
cerebrospinal fluid which provide further
cushion from possible shock.
THE BRAIN
 The brain of an adult human, weighs
about 1.5 kg represent roughly 2% of the
mass of the body.
 Made up of more than 100 billion neurons
that can make trillions of connections.
 Brain receive information from the rest of
the body, interpret the information and
then guide the body’s response to it.
 The brain is divided into sections.
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon
and the brainstem.
CEREBRUM
The largest part of the brain.
It is responsible for functions such
as learning, intelligence, and
judgement.
The surface of cerebrum is called
the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex processes
information from the senses and
controls body movements.
CEREBRUM
 Cerebrum is divided into left and right
hemisphere.
 The two hemisphere are connected at the corpus
callosum.
 Left Hemisphere is generally associated with
verbal and analytical skills. It controls the
function on the right side of the body.
 Right Hemisphere handles functions that are
nonverbal in nature. It controls the function on
the left side of the body.
 Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into
several sections called lobes, referred to as from
front, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe.
CEREBELLUM
The second largest part of the
brain. It is located just below the
cerebrum at the base of the skull
and is attached to the brain stem.
The major for coordinating
movement. It controls motor
function and balance and interprets
sent by the eyes, ears and other
sensory organs to the brain.
 DIENCEPHALON
 Found inside the cerebrum and above the brain
stem takes charge of the sensory function, food
intake control and body’s sleep cycle.
 It is divided into sections that includes
thalamus, hypothalamus, and
epithalamus.
 Thalamus acts a relay station as it receives
messages from the sense organs and bring
messages to cerebral cortex.
 Hypothalamus serves as a link between the
nervous system ad endocrine system.
Midbrain, medulla oblongata, and
pons ,take up the brain stem that
connects the brain to spinal cord.
The medulla oblongata regulates
the “automatic” reflexes that
pertain to vital activities including
heartbeat, blood pressure and
breathing.
Coughing, sneezing, swallowing and
vomiting are also controlled by this
part of brain.
SPINAL CORD
It has 31 pairs of nerves connecting
the brain to all parts of the body.
Aside from transmitting impulses to
and from the brain.
It also serves as a reflex connection,
controlling many simple involuntary
responses to certain stimuli.
A reflex is a quick, automatic
response to a stimulus.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Consists of all the nerves and associated cells
that connect the brain and spinal cord to the
central nervous system to the rest of the body.
 It has two divisions: the sensory division,
and the motor division.
 Sensory Division of the PNS, sensory
neurons carry information from the sense
organs and bring it to the CNS.
 Motor Division of the PNS, the motor
neurons carry signals away from the CNS to
the different organs throughout the body.