INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTION
COPERNICAN, DARWINIAN
AND FREUDIAN
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING ON HOW
COPERNICUS CHANGED ANCIENT BELIEFS ON
ASTRONOMY.
2. ENUMERATE THE IDEAS OF FREUD ABOUT THE
HUMAN PSYCHE.
3. DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIXITY OF
SPECIES CONCEPT AND THE THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION OF CHARLES DARWIN.
4. SYNTHESIZE HOW THESE “INTELLECTUAL
REVOLTS”CONTINUE TO IMPACT HUMAN ECOLOGY.
 LEARNING ASSESSMENTS
PERFORMANCE TASKS
• Long Quiz
• Group Performance: twenty (10)-minute
PRESENTATION showing / explaining:
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and
• Freud’s Elements of personality & Slip of the
tongue
 Intellectual Revolution
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• Ptolemy believed that the earth is
at the center of the universe
(GEOCENTRISM)
• That the sun, moon and other
planets revolve around the earth.

• The “movement’ of the sun explained

why we have days & Nights.
• Ptolemy’s geocentric model that held
sway for 1400 years.
 GEOCENTRISM

• 1.The earth is the center of all motion.

• 2. Stars are immutable.
• 3. Planets move in circular orbit.
• 4.The earth is flat.
• 5.The earth does not move.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
This was later, refuted by Copernicus when he introduced
HELIOCENTRISM.
• This gave birth to modern
astronomy.

• It later inspired other astronomers

to question their early beliefs on
outer space and celestial bodies.

• The era that was known as

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
since it resulted to transformation
of thoughts and beliefs.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• He was declared HERETIC, an NICOLAI COPENICUSRNIC

enemy of the church for his
contradicting beliefs about the earth
and the universe.
• He acknowledged the fact that the
position and motion of planets and
other objects in space could be
estimated through systematic data
gathering and interpretation.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
SCIENTISTS WHO SUPPORTED HELIOCENTRISM

• Galileo = rejecting that the earth with his observation of the

– 1. Satellites of Jupiter
– 2. Sunspots
– 3. Phases of Venus
 TYCHO BRAHE
• Tycho Brahe = is observed a supernova,
exploding star.
• Brahe proposed a model of the Solar
System that was intermediate between
the Ptolemaic and Copernican models.
It proved to be incorrect, but was the
most widely accepted model of the
Solar System for a time.
• Thus, Brahe's ideas about his data were
not always correct, but the quality of
the observations themselves was
central to the development of modern
astronomy.
 JOHANNES KEPLER
• Johannes Kepler = Formulated the Laws of Planetary Motion
– 1. Law of Ellipses
– 2. Law od Equal Areas
– 3. Law of Harmony
ISAAC NEWTON

• Isaac Newton = Formulated

the Universal Law of
Gravitation & Laws of Motion
– 1. Law of Inertia
– 2. Law of Acceleration
– 3. Law of Interaction
 ALBERT EINSTEIN
• Albert Einstein – Theory of
Relativity, the motion id relative
and not absolute.
• Motion is relative not
absolute.
• Other striking consequences are
associated with the dependence of
space and time on velocity: at
speeds near that of light, space
itself becomes contracted in the
direction of motion and the
passage of time slows.
 Intellectual Revolution
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin = published the
book 'On the Origin of Species'
where he introduced the concepts
of evolution, natural selection and
adaptation.
• Theory of Evolution, posited that
population passed through a process
of natural selection , that only the
fittest would survive.
http://dragon-rap-battles.wikia.com/wiki/Charles_Darwin
 Intellectual Revolution
FIXITY OF SPECIES
• Darwin was using the fixity of species [biogeography] to challenge a
theory that was popular in his day but is almost unheard of now.
• The fixity of species was the idea that each species is fixed in its
physical form which it doesn't change (at least not enough to
constitute a new species) and placed in its current habitat from
which it doesn't move (at least not beyond significant geographic
barriers such as mountain ranges or oceans). Explore Evolution, p. 76
 FIXITY OF SPECIES
• It is a term which means all species remained unchanged throughout
the history of the earth.
• This belief is generally not accepted by the majority in present times
because of the purported vast amount of evidence supporting
evolution.” It is a religious claim that all species were created by a
supernatural being and that they do not change over time.
• It is the observable fact that species do not change, because each
individual in any species must start its life-cycle as an exact copy of its
progenitor cell (called the ovum in multicellular species). Species,
therefore, cannot change.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

• It caught the ire of the Church as it is said to contradict the Biblical

version of Creation and maybe contradictory to fixity of species.
• It sparked a massive debate between science and religion.
• Because of the conflict, people were divided- some believed that this
explained the origin of life, but the religious & the faithful refuted it.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• The theory of evolution by natural selection, speaks of the process by which
organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its
environment that will help it survive and reproduce.
• But later people understand that Darwin’s theory was not in conflict with the
teachings of the church & can actually coexist.
NATURAL SELECTION

• Changes that allow an organism to

better adapt to its environment that
will help it thrive and multiply.

• http://int.search.myway.com/sea
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Intellectual Revolution
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• SIGMUND FREUD - Introduced

PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Psychoanalysis – a study that
attempts to understand human
behavior.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• He said that
there are many
conscious &
unconscious
factors that
influences
behavior and
emotions.
He said personality is a fusion of three conflicting elements:
the id, ego and superego. That Human behavior
“changes” as it is influenced by these elements.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Id = part of mind that responds to wants & desires.

Seeking pleasure & avoiding pain.
• Ego = decision making part of the mind. Seeks
pleasure but uses reason & logic to do so. Tries to
convinces ID to be bound by Laws & social norms.
• Superego = the voice in our mind that uses morals
& values learned from parents & society. It
persuades ID & EGO to turn to moral goals rather
than seeking pleasure
 ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY
• The id is the most basic part of the personality. It also represents our
most animalistic urges, like the desire for food and sex. The id seeks
instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are
not met, a person can become tense, anxious, or angry.
• The ego deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way
that is socially acceptable in the world. This may mean delaying
gratification and helping to get rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is
not met right away. The ego recognizes that other people have needs and
wants too, and being selfish isn't good in the long run.
• The superego develops last, and is based on morals and judgments about
right and wrong. Even though the superego and the ego may reach the
same decision about something, the superego's reason for that decision is
based more on moral values, while the ego's decision is based more on
what others will think or what the consequences of an action could be
on the individual.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SAMPLE SITUATION
• ID = Sarah knew she could steal the supplies like a pen or bond papers from
work and no one would know about it. So she took some and placed it in her
bag.
• EGO= Sarah knew she could steal the supplies from work and no one would
know about it. However, she knew that she will be embarrassed if anyone sees it,
so she decided not to take anything. (Worried of what others will think)
• SUPEREGO = Sarah knew she could steal the supplies from work and no one
would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided
not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught. (Decision
was based more on moral values)
FREUDIAN SLIP
• An inadvertent mistake in speech or writing that is thought to reveal a
person's unconscious motives, wishes, or attitudes.
• Also called “parapraxis”
• Parapraxis occurs when someone says something different than what they
meant to say while speaking.
• A slip of the tongue in which a word that the speaker was subconsciously
thinking about is substituted for the one that he or she meant to say.
• Sigmund Freud argued that the the contents of the unconscious mind are
hidden by a variety of mechanisms of repression.
• That sometimes in speech, inattention, distraction, or strong emotions can help
the contents of the unconscious mind come out.
 FREUDIAN SLIP
• According to psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, the slip is
interpreted as the emergence of the contents of the
unconscious mind.
• The term is commonly applied to many different
errors in speech, but Freud originally intended to use
the term only for a limited number of slips that he
believed to be the result of the workings of the
unconscious mind.
• There are many alternative explanations for Freudian
slips, including speech habits, difficult or complex
sentences, exhaustion, or thinking about something
else while speaking.
 EXAMPLES
• For example, a woman might mean to tell her friend,
“I am so in love with John.” But instead of saying
John’s name, she might say the name of her ex-
boyfriend instead. Her friend might then interpret
her slip to mean that she is still in love with her ex-
boyfriend.
• "For seven and a half years I've worked alongside
President Reagan. We've had triumphs. Made some
mistakes. We've had some sex... uh... setbacks." -A
Freudian slip by President George H.W Bush
• “If you have it flaunt it”. “Do you see my sex packs”
when he meant six packs abs
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Criticisms faced by Freud

• 1. That the concept was more of philosophical and supernatural.
• 2. No scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data can
support it.

• NOW psychoanalysis is used as a clinical method in treating

some mental disorders.
• And also psychology was classified as a science.
POINTS TO PONDER ABOUT INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
SYNTHESIS
• Copernicus believed in the gradual “change” of planets
and objects in space as marked by their positions in
space.
• Charles Darwin believed that organisms “evolve” as
they are influenced by nature/ environment.
• Sigmund Freud believed that the human personality
“changes” as conflicts between and among its elements
happen.
• Albert Einstein acknowledges the idea of “relativity” as
proven by the dynamic continuum of space, change and
REFERENCES
• http://psych-your-mind.blogspot.com/2011/12/modern-day-freudian-slips.html
• https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-id-ego-and-superego.html
• Cherry, K. (n.d.). What Is a Freudian Slip? About.com Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/sigmundfreud/f/freudian-slip.htm
• The Psychodynamic Approach. N.a. Retrieved from: http://www.loreto.herts.sch.uk/wp-
content/uploads/Psychodynamic-PPT.pdf
• END OF PRESENTATION

• EXAM NEXT MEETING

GRAND
SYNTHESIS

WHAT IS THE END

RESULT OF THE
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION?
IT STIRRED THE HUMAN MIND TO ACKNOWLEDGE
THE “GRADUAL CHANGE” IN THE KOSMOS,
ANTHROPOS, AND NATURA
 SOME QUESTIONS
WRITE YOUR THOUGHTS ON A ONE
WHOLE SHEET OF PAPER
• How do intellectual revolutions transform
societies?
• How do you think intellectual revolution has
shaped you as a student?
• How do you see change? Discuss the
importance of understanding paradigm shifts.
• What do you think the future will be like with
our current paradigm in thinking?