Harmonic

Harmonics - Basics
What Are Harmonics ?

●Sinusoidal Waveform.
●Frequency higher than power frequency.
●Generally harmonic Frequency will be Multiple of
Power Frequency.
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What Are Harmonics ?

15
10
5
Fundamental 50Hz
0
-5
-10
-15
4 1 2 3 4 5
2
5th harmonic 250Hz
0
-2
-4
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
1 7th harmonic 350Hz
0
-1
-2
-3

How wave-shape is distorted?
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
15
10
-5
-10
-15

How wave-shape is distorted?
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
4
15
2
10
0
5
-2
0
-4
-5
3
2 -10
1
-15
0
-1
-2
-3
1
0.5
-0.5
-1 - Name – Date
Schneider Electric - Division 6
Harmonic Source?
Sources of Harmonic?
●Loads.
●Voltage / Current Converters - Transformers.
●Alternators.

Harmonic from Loads..
●Two types of Loads.
● Linear Loads.
● Non-Linear loads.

What is Linear & Non-Linear?

Linear Load!

Non Linear Loads!

Number of Pulses?
1 Pulse?
N
Single pulse

1 Pulse?
N
Single pulse

1 Pulse?
N
Two pulse

Pulse?

6 Pulse?

12 Pulse?
30D

Examples of Non-Linear loads..
3,5,7,9
2 Pulse
6 Pulse
6, 12 or
24 Pulse
5,7,11,13 etc
Attributes of harmonic.
Harmonic Attributes..
●Magnitude – Amps or Volts.
●Frequency.
●Sequence.

Sequence harmonic.
Sequence?

Sequence?
R R
B Y B Y
Positive Sequence? Negative Sequence?

Zero Sequence?
R
Y
B

How to Determine the Phase
Sequence of Harmonics ?
Harmonic order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Phase Sequence + - 0 + - 0 + - 0
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Fundamental 2nd Harmonic 3rd Harmonic
4th Harmonic 5th Harmonic 6th Harmonic
3n+1 3n+2 3n+3
Adverse Effects of Harmonics
Behaviour of Zero sequence Harmonics
Zero sequence harmonic – Behaviour..
rd
Accumulation of 3 harmoni
Three phase system
Wa
fun
Time.
R - phase.
R-P
har
Time.
Y - phase.
Y-P
har
Time.
B - phase .
B-P
har
Time.
Addition of third harmonics in

Neutral conductor
Thi
pha
and
Time. can

Skin Effect
● The high frequency current tends to concentrate on the periphery of
the conductor.
● Increases Resistance of the conductor.
● Increase losses in the conductors.
● Increase heating and eventually thermal failure.

Skin Effect Contd..
Current in a Conductor with DC
Source
Current distributes equally through out the Cross section of

the conductor.

Skin Effect Contd..
Current in a Conductor with AC 50Hz Source
AC
Current Tends to flow towards the conductor surface,

leaving the centre of the conductor.

Skin Effect Contd..
Current in a Conductor with Harmonic 250Hz
AC
Current concentrates on conductor surface, leaving the

centre of the conductor. Hence increases resistance of the
conductor.

Effect on Rotating machines
● Negative sequence harmonics such as 5th harmonic will induce the
negative sequence torque or breaking torque on the motor or
Alternator.
● To over come the breaking effect the motor or Alternator demand
more power.

Effect on Rotating machines Contd..
R
B Y
R
B Y

Effect on Transformer/Reactors
Effects on Transformers

Effects on Transformers Sound Loss
Heat loss due to

Skin effect
Heat loss due to

Iron Loss

Noise
Un wanted sound within bandwidth of Human Ear (20 to 20kHz).
If the sound waves are more than 20kHz

– Ultra sonic
If the sound waves are less than 20Hz

– Infra sonic.

Why Noise in Iron core reactor?
The Iron has the following properties:

- Allows magnetic fields to pass through it easily.
- When the magnetic field is applied, the Length of the
material will increase, Volume remains unaltered.
- When the magnetic field is removed, it will come to original
size.
- This is known as MAGNETO-STRICTION.
- The change in length will be about 1PPM or 0.0001%.

Expands twice in one cycle – i.e, Frequency is 2 x F.

For 50HZ system, the expansion frequency will be 100Hz. Hence the sound frequency.
If applied frequency is >10kHz, sound waves will have >20kHz frequency – this is
Ultrasonic waves.
Amount of Increase in length depends on Magnetic field strength.

The Lamination close to Magnet will have highest Flux – hence larger will be
the expansion.
The Lamination far away from magnet will have lowest Flux – hence smaller
will be the expansion.
Noise caused due to expansion & Friction

Effects of Magnetostriction

Effects..
- Loosens the core.
- Increases Heat within the core due to Friction.
- Excessive Magnetostriction will cause over heating of core, the
enamel will be liquefied.
- Harmonic distortion will have distorted Flux that causes high
frequency noise close to 1kHz.

Effects on Transformers Contd..

Electro magnetic forces contd..

Resonance
What is Resonance ?
Burning material Capacitor
Fire Analogy Electrical Resonance

Resonance
Inductance characteristics:
XL = 2 x ¶ x F x L.
Where,
- “2 x ¶” represents one cycle of AC.
- “F” represents number of such cycle per sec.
- “L” represents the inductance value in Henries.
XL
F

Resonance Contd
Capacitor characteristics:
Xc = 1 / (2 x ¶ x F x L.)
Where,
- “2 x ¶” represents one cycle of AC.
- “F” represents number of such cycle per sec.
- “C” represents the Capacitance in Farad.
XL
F

Resonance Contd
Xc XL
Resonance
Frequency

Resonance Types
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance

Series Resonance
XL
X = -jXc+jXL
Xc
Xc XL

Series Resonance Effects..
XL
X X = -jXc+jXL
Xc

Parallel Resonance
X X ={-jXc x jXL}
[-jXc+jXL)

Effect of Parallel Resonance…
ZT
VFD
Ih

Effect of Series Resonance…
ZT ZT
M F
Ih

Network Without Capacitors
Harmonic currents flow towards Grid.
GRID
Min. Import of Harmonics from Grid.
No Resonance at harmonic
frequencies.
BUS
Hence least Harmonic Problem.
Power Factor Very Low.
M

Network With Capacitors
ZN
GRID
ZT
BUS
M
Non Linear
Equivalent Load
Impedance “ZL”
Load

Harmonic import example..
Distorted voltage waveform from
GED supply, with 6 pulses in each
half cycle. Indicating the presence
of 12 pulse converters on the Grid.

Harmonic import example..
33 kV Grid supply, with harmonics.
Grid supply, with

harmonics.
1600 kVA, 33 / 0.433 kV

Transformer at Zydus.
Xt – {Transformer
reactance}. Harmonic Current
amplified.
50 kVAr x 18 Capacitor.
Xc – Capacitive Reactance.

Effect of Harmonics on - “Protective Relays”
Mal-operation Nuisance tripping
Trip level set lower than the fundamental Trip level set higher than the fundamental
value. The relay should trip as the value. The relay should not trip as the
fundamental value is higher than the trip fundamental value is lower than the trip
level. But the presence of harmonics has level. But the presence of harmonics has
reduced the peak value. Hence the increased the peak value. Hence the
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protective relay will not trip. protective relay will trip. 68
Harmonic Filters
Filter concepts

Classification of Harmonic Filters
Harmonic
Filters
Passive Harmonic Active Harmonic Hybrid Harmonic

Filters Filters Filters
Broad band Detuned Tuned 3Ф

Filters Filters Filters 3wire
3Ф
7% 4wire
14 % Single
Phase
What is Passive Harmonic Filter
L L

Types of Passive Harmonic Filters
Passive Filters
Shunt with Load Series With load
L
Load
Load
Shunt Filters
Line or Broadband Filters
Shunt Filters
Tuned De-Tuned
L L
Load Load

Tuned Filters

Tuned Filters

Tuned Filters
L L
5 7

De-Tuned Filters
5 7

Definitions of Tuned & De-tuned filters
If the Tuning frequency of a Filter is less than 90% of the

harmonic order: De-tuned filters.
For Ex:
a) 5th harmonic frequency is 250Hz.
De-tuned filter tuning frequency will be < 90% of 250Hz. i.e.
<225Hz.
b) 3rd harmonic frequency is 150Hz.

De-tuned filter tuning frequency will be < 90% of 150Hz. i.e.
<135Hz.

Definitions of Tuned & De-tuned filters Contd..
If the Tuning frequency of a Filter is > 90% of the harmonic order:

Tuned filters.
For Ex:
a) 5th harmonic frequency is 250Hz.
Tuned filter tuning frequency will be > 90% of 250Hz. i.e.
>225Hz.
b) 3rd harmonic frequency is 150Hz.

Tuned filter tuning frequency will be >90% of 150Hz. i.e.
>135Hz.

Series Filters
Line Choke De-Tuned
Load Load

Active filter
Sinusoidal
Load Current with Supply
Harmonics Supply
Current
System
Compensating
Current
Active
Filter
+ =
(Time Domain)
+ =
(Frequency Domain)

Active Compensation - Offerings
Sine Wave Accusine

Active Compensation - Benefits
• Filtering upto the 50th HARMONIC including Inter-
Harmonics.
• Unsymmetrical Compensation of Reactive Power
• Real time response < 2 msec
• Independent of network characteristics, voltage &
frequency behavior
• INFINITE CONTROL
• Compatibility with conventional compensation
installations

Sample Waveforms of current with & without out Active filter
Waveform of current
without Active filter
Waveform of current
with Active filter

Harmonic Spectrum with & without active filter
Current Spectrum 5th Harmonic Current about 20 Amps.
without Active filter
5th Harmonic Current about 2 Amps.

Current Spectrum
with Active filter

Cost-Technology Pyramid of Harmonic Filters
Top end solution for

wide spectrum of current
Suitable for Active harmonics & suitable for
installations having filters installations having
high harmonic sensitive equipment
distortion (cement,
sugar & steel plants, Hybrid Filters
etc.)
Tuned Filters
14% Detuned Filters

Suitable for installations having 3rd harmonics
and above (IT parks, corporate banks &
establishments)
7% Detuned Filters
Most common, Base end product suitable for
majority of industries having 5th and above
harmonics
Application Guide
Eliminating Harmonic Problems
The De-tuned Harmonic Filter
PFC controller
VFD
M ~
~
loads generating
harmonics
~
automatic capacitor bank

PFC controller
VFD
M ~
~
loads generating
harmonics
~

PFC controller
VFD
M ~
~
loads generating
harmonics
~
Eliminating Harmonic Import
PFC controller
M ~
~
~

PFC controller
M ~
~
~

Tuned Harmonic Filter (Passive)
MV/LV transformer
5th 7th 11th/13th
M ~
~ 242Hz 336Hz 530Hz
~
loads
generating harmonics tuned filter bank
(e.g. 6-pulse converter)

IEEE 519 – Key points
Limits are specified for:
- Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion.
- Total Current Distortion.
- Individual Current distortion.
Limits specified at Point of Common Coupling.
The current harmonic limit is directly linked to the

system capacity (MVAsc)

IEEE 519 – Key points
Point of common Coupling:
PCC: where Linear loads meets

Non linear loads
VFD
M ~
~
loads generating
harmonics
~

IEEE 519 – Current harmonic Limits
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in percent of IL
Individual harmonic order (Odd Harmonics)
Isc/IL h<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
<20* 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<100 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the ODD harmonic limits above.
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of actual Isc/IL.
Where,
Isc = Maximum Short-circuit current at PCC.
IL = Maximum demand load current (Fundamental frequency component) at
PCC.

IEEE 519 – Voltage harmonic Limits
Bus voltage at PCC Individual voltage Total Voltage

Distortion (%) Distortion (THJDV%)
69kV and below 3.0 5.0
69.001kV through 1.5 2.5

161kV
131.001 kV and 1.0 1.5
above

Thank you for your time

Harmonic

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Harmonics - Basics

What Are Harmonics ?

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Positive Sequence? Negative Sequence?

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Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Addition of third harmonics in

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Current distributes equally through out the Cross section of

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Current Tends to flow towards the conductor surface,

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Current concentrates on conductor surface, leaving the

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Heat loss due to

Heat loss due to

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If the sound waves are more than 20kHz

If the sound waves are less than 20Hz

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The Iron has the following properties:

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Expands twice in one cycle – i.e, Frequency is 2 x F.

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Burning material Capacitor

Fire Analogy Electrical Resonance

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