RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The respiratory system transports oxygen

through the blood to all the major organs in
the human body. Through breathing, the
lungs pull oxygen into the body and expel
carbon dioxide. Red blood cells transport
oxygen to all the cells around the body.
• Oxygen is essential for cell growth and
reproduction. Humans breathe about 20
times a minute and much more during
physical exertion.
 GAMES
• Physical Demonstration
• Students are assigned one of three roles -- lungs, oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Students assigned to be the lungs
hold hands to form two circles with an opening at the top.
As the lungs inhale, students step out to widen the circle.
Simultaneously, the students representing oxygen enter
the lungs through the opening at the top, then pass into
the bloodstream under the joined hands in the circle.
• As the lungs "exhale," the students representing carbon
dioxide enter the circle under the joined hands. The
students in the circle step closer together, forcing the
carbon dioxide out of the openings at the top of the
circles. This physical demonstration helps students
understand the breathing process.
• Exercise
• In this activity, children observe breathing
patterns at rest and after exercise. Students sit
quietly for 30 seconds and reflect on their
breathing. Students discuss their breathing rate
and how they feel.
• Then the children get up and do jumping jacks for
30 seconds. Immediately after the jumping jacks,
the students reflect on their breathing. Class
discussion focuses on whether the children are
breathing faster after exercise and why this is (the
body needs to take in more oxygen).
• To make it a bit more complex, have them take
specific measurements and analyze the data.
These measurements could include:
• Breaths per minute (at rest and after exercise)
• Pulse
• Number of jumping jacks in 30 seconds
• Lung capacity of each student
 METAMORPHOSIS (Butterfly)
The butterfly and moth develop through a process
called metamorphosis. This is a Greek word that
means transformation or change in shape. Insects have
two common types of metamorphosis. Grasshoppers,
crickets, dragonflies, and cockroaches have incomplete
metamorphosis. The young (called a nymph) usually
look like small adults but without the wings.
Butterflies, moths, beetles, flies and bees have
complete metamorphosis. The young (called a larva
instead of a nymph) is very different from the adults. It
also usually eats different types of food. There are four
stages in the metamorphosis of butterflies and moths:
egg, larva, pupa, and adult
 Process of Reproduction in Humans

• The process of reproduction in humans usually

relies on sexual intercourse between a male and a
female, although there are exceptions to this.
Unlike many animals, humans mate throughout
the year. Humans have sexual intercourse when
sexual reproduction is not possible for reasons
such as the use of birth control or female
menopause. Practices and behaviors surrounding
human reproduction vary widely across cultures,
but in every case, it involves sperm, an ovum
(egg), a uterus and a baby.
• TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
• During meiosis, diploid cells divide into sperm in
males and ova in females. During sexual
intercourse, the male ejaculates semen,
containing hundreds of millions of sperm into the
vagina. If the female is ovulating, a sperm may
encounter an ovum. When a sperm cell
penetrates the ovum's barrier, its 23
chromosomes fuse with the ovum's 23, forming
the zygote.
• The zygote divides and multiplies many times.
The growing embryo travels to the uterus, where
it remains, and about 40 weeks after fertilization,
a baby is born.
• Gamete Production
• The process of reproduction in humans begins
with meiosis. In human meiosis, diploid cells with
the usual 46 chromosomes divide into four
haploid daughter cells, each containing 23
chromosomes. Each of these daughter cells is
called a gamete. In males, this meiotic process is
called spermatogenesis, and the daughter cells
are sperm. In females, the process is called
oogenesis, and the daughter cells are called ova.
Males begin spermatogenesis at puberty and
continue throughout life. Healthy young adult
males produce hundreds of millions of sperm
each day. This number begins to decline by their
mid-20s.
• Unlike males, females begin to produce
gametes before they even are even born. By
the fifth month in the womb, female fetuses
have begun oogenesis, but the process pauses
after a phase called prophase I, suspending
the ova in the primary oocyte stage until
puberty. 99.9 percent of a female’s ova remain
in the primary oocyte stage until they are
eventually absorbed by the body. Millions are
absorbed by the time a fetus is born, and by
puberty, only 400,000 remain. For every
ovulation, about 2,000 more ova are
absorbed.
• Sexual Intercourse
• The four stages of the human sexual response
cycle occur during partnered sex with people
of any gender, as well as other sexual
stimulation activities. The first stage is
excitement, the beginning of arousal, in which
blood flow increases and causes engorgement
in the genitals and nipples, accompanied by
an increase in heart rate, breathing rate,
muscle tone and blood pressure. Next is the
plateau stage, which is brief, and which
involves an increase in arousal.
• The third phase is orgasm, which involves
waves of muscle spasms and pleasure that last
several seconds. During this phase, the uterus
has several contractions, and the penis has
contractions at its base, causing semen, the
fluid containing sperm, to ejaculate into the
vagina. The last stage is resolution, during
which the body relaxes to its original state.
• Fertilization and Cleavage
• The sperm take several minutes to travel
through the vagina, cervix and uterus and
reach the fallopian tubes. Out of hundreds of
millions of sperm, one or two hundred make it
that far. If the female is ovulating, the sperm
can survive for up to 48 hours as the ovum
travels down a fallopian tube from an ovary to
meet the sperm. If the ovum is already in the
fallopian tube, it can only survive 24 hours
before the sperm reach it.
• The ovum is encased in a protective coating
called the zona pellucida. The sperm that
reach the zona pellucida bind to it and then
try to penetrate it. Eventually, one sperm
succeeds, which causes chemical changes.
This destroys the zona pellucida’s sperm
receptors so that no other sperm bind to it,
and the zona pellucida hardens, blocking any
remaining sperm attempting to cross the
barrier. The sperm that made it through fuses
with the ovum. The result is a zygote – a one-
celled diploid embryo.
• Gestation and Birth
• The zygote undergoes a process called cleavage,
in which it replicates itself by mitosis, and then
continues to replicate, forming a multicelled
blastocyst. The growing embryo travels from the
fallopian tube to the uterus and attaches to the
uterine lining, the endometrium, between days
five and seven. Over the next few days, the
embryo moves away from the endometrium and
extends cells into it that become the umbilical
cord and the placenta. The embryo receives
nutrients and expels wastes via the umbilical
cord.
• By the eighth week, the embryo has become a
fetus, with four limb buds and most of its
major organ systems formed and external
genitalia beginning to develop. During the
second trimester, the fetus grows and
develops its skeleton. Its movements become
detectable by the parent. During the third
trimester, the fetus continues to grow, and its
respiratory and circulatory systems prepare
for it to breathe air.
• The process of birth typically happens after 40
weeks. It begins with the rupturing of the
amniotic sac, which contained and protected
the fetus, and the fluid inside spills out, which
is known as “water breaking.” Hormones,
especially oxytocin and prostaglandins, dilate
the cervix and cause increasing uterine
contractions to guide the fetus out through
the birth canal. Over the course of minutes,
hours or even days, the fetus is pushed out of
the womb by uterine contractions followed by
the placenta.
• Sexual Reproduction Model
• Some reproduction does not require intercourse
but is the result of artificial insemination when a
couple has fertility problems or a single
prospective parent or a same-sex couple choose a
sperm donor. Also, while male and female are
simple terms for the biological processes of
reproduction in humans, this language excludes
the sexuality of transgender and intersex people.
For example, a cisgender man (a man whose
gender matches his birth sex) and a transgender
man (a man who was assigned female at birth)
who has not undergone sex reassignment surgery
can have sexual intercourse with each other, and
the transgender man can become pregnant.