c.

electron transport chain and OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATION
 CARBOHYDRATE
CATABOLISM
STAGE 1: DIGESTION PROCESSES
– Req’t: polymers, macromolecules
– Result: monomers
STAGE 2: GLYCOLYSIS
– Req’t: glucose, galactose, fructose
– Result: Pyruvate (converted to ACETYL CoA w/ CO2 as
waste product)
STAGE 3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE
– Req’t: Acetyl coA
– Result: NADH, FADH, GTP (w/ 2 molecules of CO2 as
waste product per Acetyl CoA)
STAGE 4: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION/ ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
– Req’t: NADH, FADH2, O2
– Result: ATP, H2O
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

• Is a series of reactions which couples the

oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to the
phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP

• NADH = used to produce 3 ATPs

• FADH2 = used to produce 2 ATPs
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

• Process by which hydrogen ions and

electrons from NADH and FADH2 are
passed from one electron acceptor or
electron carrier to the next until they
combine with oxygen to form H2O
FOUR PROTEIN COMPLEXES
 COMPLEX I: NADH-COENZYME Q REDUCTASE

1ST STEP:

2ND STEP:

3RD STEP:
COMPLEX II: SUCCINATE–COENZYME Q
REDUCTASE
STEP 6 OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE
COMPLEX III: COENZYME Q–CYTOCHROME C
REDUCTASE
COMPLEX III: COENZYME Q–CYTOCHROME C
REDUCTASE
COMPLEX IV: CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE
 NOTE:
It is estimated that 95% of the
oxygen used by cells serves as the
final electron acceptor for the ETC
NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED BY THE COMPLETE OXIDATION OF ONE
MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

GLYCOLYSIS
– Substrate-level Phosphorylation 2
ATP
– 2 NADH x 2 ATP/cytoplasmic NADH
4 ATP
CONVERSION OF 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES TO 2 ACETYL
COA MOLECULES
– 2 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH 6
ATP
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
– 2 GTP x 1 ATP/GTP 2
• Glycolysis

• Citric acid cycle

• Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport Chain

• PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

 PENTOSE PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY
• ALSO KNOWN AS HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
• AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE OXIDATION

TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS:

– synthesis of the coenzyme NADPH
needed in lipid biosynthesis

– production of RIBOSE 5-PHOSPHATE, a

pentose derivative needed for the
synthesis of nucleic acids and many
coenzymes
 STEP 1 - 3
OXIDATIVE
PHASE
STEP 4
NON-OXIDATIVE
PHASE
• Glycolysis
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Gluconeogenesis
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis

• Fatty acid metabolism

• Ketogenesis

• Amino acid metabolism

– Transamination
– Oxidative deamination
– Urea cycle
THE END
QUIZ TOMORROW