PARTS OF THE CELL

ORGANELLES
(little organs inside the cell)
 Plasma membrane
◦boundary of every cell
◦membrane enclosing the cell
◦selective barrier that allows passage of
enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
to service the entire cell
cytoplasm (cytosol)
◦Interior of the cell.
◦The region between the nucleus and
the plasma membrane.
◦It is where membrane-bound
organelles of a eukaryotic cell can be
found.
 Nucleus: Information Central
◦contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell.
(Some genes are located in mitochondria and
chloroplasts.)
 What’s in the nucleus? ◦chromatin
complex of
◦chromosomes, DNA organized
DNA and
into discrete units and are found
proteins
within the nucleus, structures that
making up
carry the genetic information,
chromosomes

◦nucleolus prominent structure

within the nondividing nucleus is
the
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
◦ complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
◦ cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
 2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Biosynthetic Factory and highway
of the cell
◦ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Smooth ER) - outer surface lacks
ribosomes

◦ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

(Rough ER) - outer surface have
attached ribosomes, and thus
appears rough through the
electron microscope
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Smooth ER)
functions in diverse metabolic processes, which vary
with cell type
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates,
detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of
calcium ions.
serves as a transitional area for transport vesicles.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
Rough ER is a series of flattened sacs.
Rough and smooth are typically connected to one
another so that the proteins and membranes made
by the rough ER can freely move into the smooth ER
for smooth transport to other parts of the cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures
membranes and secretory proteins.
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and
Receiving Center/ warehouse
After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to
the Golgi apparatus.
We can think of the Golgi as a warehouse for
receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some
manufacturing.
Here, products of the ER, such as proteins, are
modified and stored and then sent to other
destinations.
 Lysosomes: Digestive
Compartments
◦ a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell
uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules
◦ lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic environment
found in lysosomes
◦ excessive leakage from a large number of lysosomes can
destroy a cell by self-digestion
◦ some lysosomes probably arise by budding from the trans
face of the Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance
Compartments
◦large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum
and Golgi apparatus.

◦hold reserves of important

organic compounds

central vacuole is usually the

largest compartment in a plant
cell
 Endomembrane
System, showing
the flow of
membrane
lipids and
proteins through
the various
organelles

The red arrows show some of

the migration pathways for
membranes and the materials
they enclose.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell
◦Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are the sites
of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses
oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels.
◦organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can
use for work
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy
Conversion

cristae are infoldings of

the inner membrane,
which increase its
surface area.
outer membrane is
smooth but inner
membrane is
convoluted
Mitochondrion two internal
compartments
◦intermembrane space- the narrow region between
the inner and outer membranes
◦mitochondrial matrix- is enclosed by the inner
membrane
◦Inner membrane contains many different enzymes as
well as the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes;
enzyme that makes ATP, are built into here.
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy

◦Found in plants and algae, are the sites of

photosynthesis.
◦Convert solar energy to chemical energy by
absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars
from carbon dioxide and water.
Thylakoids- found inside the chloroplast granum (plural, grana)- stroma- fluid outside the
a membranous system in the form of thylakoids are stacked thylakoids, which contains
flattened, interconnected sacs like poker chips the chloroplast DNA
 Cytoskeleton:
Support and
Motility
◦a network of fibers
extending throughout the
cytoplasm
◦give mechanical support to the cell and maintain its
shape
◦plays a major role in organizing the structures and
Three types of molecular structures of
cytoskeleton:
microtubules,
microfilaments,
intermediate
filaments

As shown in this fluorescence

micrograph, the cytoskeleton
extends throughout the cell.
Cytoskeletal elements have
been tagged with different fluorescent molecules: green for microtubules and red
for microfilaments. A third component of the cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments,
is not evident here. (The DNA in the nucleus is blue.)
Microtubules
each tubulin protein is a dimer, a molecule made up
of two subunits
microtubules grow in length by adding tubulin
dimers
can be disassembled and their tubulin used to build
microtubules elsewhere in the cell
 Centrosomes and
Centrioles
centrosome:
 where microtubules grow out
 region that is often located
near the nucleus and is
considered a “microtubule- Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles
organizing center.”
centrioles:
 pair of centrioles are found within the centrosome
 each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules
arranged in a ring
 Cilia and Flagella
◦ A specialized arrangement of
microtubules is responsible for the
beating of flagella (singular,
flagellum) and cilia(singular, cilium),
microtubule-containing extensions
that project from some cells.
paramecium
◦ Many unicellular eukaryotes are
propelled through water by cilia or
flagella that act as locomotor
appendages, and the sperm of
animals, algae, and some plants
have flagella.
 Cell Wall

protects the plant cell,

maintains its shape,
prevents excessive uptake
of water
 strong walls of specialized
cells hold the plant up
against the force of gravity
Summary:
◦Direction: Read carefully the article below and fill in the
blank with the correct answer.

Parts and Functions of the Cell

◦The __(1)__ is the basic unit of all living things. Each type
has a specific function to perform and is present in specific
locations in the body of an organism. It helps in regulating
the movement of water, nutrients, waste matter into and
outside the body.
◦It also contains the blueprint of life, called the
__(2)__ that coordinates the synthesis of proteins
and transfer of genetic information from the
parent cell to the daughter cell. There are many
other parts in a cell, each having an individual
function. The outermost covering of a cell is
called the ___(3)__. This acts like a traffic
policeman that regulates entry and exit of
substances, that is, ions and solutes. This helps in
regulating the internal cell balance.
◦The ___(4)___ are very important for
protein synthesis. The materials are
transported in the cell through the
___(5)__,. These are folded membranes that
divide the cell into compartments. The
___(6)__ which has two layers of membrane,
is the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is
generated by cellular respiration.
◦. The ____(7)___ is a part of an animal cell helps in
intracellular digestion and in the elimination of
foreign substances. They are also known as the
'suicide sacs' because if one of them bursts, the
entire cell will be destroyed. The brain of a cell
which is the ___(8)__ controls all the functions
occurring in the cell. It is covered by the
____(9)___ which has many pores that aid in the
transport of substances. Inside this is the __(10)__
which is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA