FILTRATION

GROUP 4
BACKGROUND
 FILTRATION
• Filtration is essentially a physical and chemical process and, in the case of
slow sand filtration, biological as well.
• Water filtration is an important stage in the water treatment process which
will typically involve multiple stages of pre-treatment such as flocculation,
coagulation and sedimentation. Various forms of filtration might be used.
DEFINITION
TERMS

The filter is the

mechanism through
which you pour
the feed. The fluid that
comes through the
filter is the filtrate
 TERMS

Backwashing refers to
pumping water
backwards through
the filters media. It is a
form of preventive
maintenance so that
the filter media can be
reused.
 BASIC TYPES OF SAND FILTRATION
SLOW SAND FILTRATION
• biological process; uses bacteria to
treat the water

• The layer of microbes is called a

schumtzdecke (or biofilm)

• removes bacteria, protozoa and

• physical process
viruses
• removes suspended particles
• diameter of a grain of fine sand is approximately 0.1 mm

RAPID SAND FILTRATION

TYPES OF GRANULAR FILTERS FOR SAND
FILTRATION
TYPES OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
 TYPES OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
• MICROFILTRATION
• A microfiltration filter has a pore size around 0.1 micron, so when water undergoes microfiltration, many
microorganisms are removed, but viruses remain in the water.

• ULTRAFILTRATION
• An ultrafiltration filter has a pore size around 0.01 micron. Ultrafiltration would remove larger particles, and may
remove some viruses.

• NANOFILTRATION
• A nanofiltration filter has a pore size around 0.001 micron. Nanofiltration removes most organic molecules, nearly all
viruses, most of the natural organic matter and a range of salts. Nanofiltration removes divalent ions, which make
water hard, so nanofiltration is often used to soften hard water.

• REVERSE OSMOSIS
• Reverse osmosis filters have a pore size around 0.0001 micron. After water passes through a reverse osmosis filter, it is
essentially pure water. In addition to removing all organic molecules and viruses, reverse osmosis also removes most
minerals that are present in the water. Reverse osmosis removes monovalent ions, which means that it desalinates the
water.
Substances Removed From Water By Membrane Filtration Processes
THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES
 SLOW SAND FILTER
• Slow sand filtration velocities are only about 0.4m/hr. At
these low rates, the filtered contaminants do not penetrate
to an appreciable depth within the filtration medium. The
filter builds up a layer of filtered contaminants on the
surface, which becomes the active filtering medium.

• This active filtration layer is termed a schmutzdecke.

When the filter is first started after cleaning, the filtered
water must be wasted until the filtration efficiency
increases as the schmutzdecke is formed
SLOW SAND FILTER AND PREFILTRATION
CONTROL CHAMBER
 RAPID SAND FILTER
• In rapid sand filtration much
higher application velocities are
used. Filtration occurs through
the depth of the filter. A
comparison of rapid and slow
sand filtration is shown in Below

Rapid sand filter during filtration

RAPID GRAVITY SAND FILTER
RAPID PRESSURE SAND FILTER
Add a Slide Title - 5
PARTS OF RAPID
Click icon to add picture SAND FILTER:

1. Single Standard Filter

2. Valves

3. Rate Controller

4. Wash Water Tank

5. Filtered Water
Storage Tank
RAPID SAND MEDIA LAYERS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A RAPID FILTER
• Turbidity – minimum of 5 but not more than 10 units
• High rate of filtration – 120 to 240 m/day (2 to 4 gal/ft^2 per day) or
more
• Washing the filter units by reversing flow of filtered water upward
through the filter to remove mud and other impurities which have
lodged in the sand
 FILTER MEDIA
• Size of Filter media – Specified by Effective Size (D10)
• Sieve size in mm that permits 10% by weight to pass (D10)

• Uniformity in Size – Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)

• Ratio between the sieve size that will pass 60 percent by weigh and
the effective size
FILTER MEDIA
• Sand – cheapest and most used filter
medium
• Ratio between the sieve size that will pass 60
percent by weigh and the effective size

• Anthracite – can be used as a substitute

or addition to other filter medium
• Effective size of 0.70 mm or more and
uniformity coefficient of 1.75 or less
• Its depth, when used alone, similar to sand
filters but effective size is smaller

• Garmet Sand/Ilmenite – can be used as

a substitute or addition to other filter
medium
 GRAVEL
• Filter medium is underlain by 400 to 600 mm of gravel to support the
sand, permit the filtered water to move freely toward the underdrains,
and allows washwater to move more or less uniformly upward to the
sand.
• 5 or 6 layers, with finest size on top
• Hard, rounded, durable, weigh approximately 1600 kg/m^3
• Free from flat, thin, or long pieces, and other foreign material
FILTER MEDIA GRAIN DISTRIBUTION
COMMON GRADING AND LAYER THICKNESS
Layers Grading Layer Thickness
1 2 ½ to 5 mm 60 to 80 mm
2 5 to 10 mm 60 to 80 mm
3 10 to 20 mm 80 to 120 mm
4 20 to 40 mm 80 to 120 mm
5 40 to 60 mm 120 to 200 mm
Total Depth 400 to 600 mm
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILTRATION
•

D10 = 0.185 D60 = 0.38

 REQUIRED PARTICLE SIZES OF FILTER (D10)
•
EXAMPLE:
•

Gunite
 RATE OF FILTRATION

Where: v = face velocity, m/d = loading rate, m3/d.m2

Q = flow rate onto filter surface, m3/d
As = surface area of filter, m2
EXAMPLE:
•
EXAMPLE:
•
 HEAD LOSS IN A CLEAN FILTER
•
 HEAD LOSS IN A CLEAN FILTER
•
Example:
•
 HEAD LOSS DURING FILTRATION
•
Example:
•
 RATE OF BACKWASH FILTER
• Where:
vmf = minimum fluidization velocity
during backwash, m3/m2.sec,

d90 = sieve size that passes 90% by weight

μ =dynamic viscosity; N.sec/m2

ρ = water density; kg/m3

ρs = filter particles density; kg/m3

Gn =Galileo number, dimensionless

g = gravitational acceleration m/sec2

 FILTER EXPANSION
•
 HEADLOSS DURING FILTER BACKWASH
•
Example
A dual-media rapid filter has 0.4m of sand and 0.4m of anthracite. Sand effective size
0.48mm, sphericity 0.9 and porosity 0.4. Anthracite effective size 0.9mm, sphericity 0.75
and porosity 0.48. Uniformity coefficient for both is 1.5. Divide each medium in three
layers on a mass basis for calculations. Operating temperature will be 10C.
Required:
a) Calculate the initial headloss at 8 m/h
b) Calculate the minimum fluidization velocity for the bed.
c) Calculate the backwash velocity that will expand the largest layer of sand by 15%. Find
the total bed expansion at this rate.
d) What will the total headloss be through the expanded bed under conditions as in (c)?
Example(Continuation)
•
Example(a.Continuation):
•
Example(b.Continuation):
b.)Minimum fluidization velocity=?
Step 1: Solve for d10,d60,d90
For Sand:
• d10 = 0.48 mm
• d60 = 1.5 * d10 = 1.5 * (0.48 mm) = 0.72 mm
• d90 = d10(101.67 log UC) = (0.48 mm)(101.67 log 1.5) = 0.94 mm

For anthracite:
• d10 = 0.9 mm
• d60 = 1.5 * d10 = 1.5 * (0.9 mm) = 1.35 mm
• d90 = d10(101.67 log UC) = (0.9 mm)(101.67 log 1.5) = 1.77 mm
Example(b.Continuation):
•
 Example(b.Continuation):
•
Example(c.Continuation):
•
Example(c.Continuation):
A1 = ε3/(1 – ε)2 * ρ(ρs – ρ)g/(Sv3μ2)

A1 = 0.483/(1 – 0.48)2 * 999.7(2650 - 999.7) * (9.81 m/s2)/[(7092 m-1)3(1.307x10-3)2] = 10.7

log A1 = 0.56543 + 1.09348 log Re1 + 0.17971 (log Re1)2 – 0.00392 (log Re1)4 – 1.5 (log ψ)2

log A1 = 1.028
log Re1 = log (206.9 V)

1.5 (log ψ)2 = 0.00314

1.028 = 0.56543 + 1.09348 log (206.9 V) + 0.17971 log (206.9 V)2 – 0.00392 log (206.9 V)4 – 0.00314
Backwash velocity, V = 0.0121 m/s = 43.5 m/h
Example(c.Continuation):
Given for anthracite layer
Ε0 = 0.48

Ψ = 0.75
V = 0.0121 m/s

• Use deq = d90.

Sv = 6/(ψdeq) = 6/(0.75 * 1.77x10-3 m) = 4520 m-1

Re1 = (0.0121 m/s)/[(4520 m-1)*(1 – ε)*(1.306x10-6 m2/s) = 2.05/(1 – ε)

A1 = ε3/(1 – ε)2 * 999.7(1600 - 999.7) * (9.81 m/s2)/[(4520 m-1)3(1.307x10-3)2] = 37.3 ε 3/(1 – ε)2
Example(c.Continuation):
log [37.3 ε 3/(1 – ε)2] = 0.56543 + 1.09348 log [2.05/(1 – ε)] + 0.17971 (log [2.05/(1 –
ε)])2 – 0.00392 (log [2.05/(1 – ε)])4 – 1.5 (log 0.75)2

ε = 0.50

L/L0 = (1 – 0.48)/(1 – 0.5) = 1.04

Total expansion = 0.15 + 0.04 = 0.19, or 19% based on d90 size of sand and
anthracite.
Example(d.Continuation):
•
APPLICATIONS
FILTRATION
Item Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter
Coagulation Not required Required
Area requirement Very large Small
Economy High cost Cheap and economical
Qty, of sand More Less
Quality of sand ES=0.3-035 mm , UC=1.75 ES=0.35-0.50, UC = 1.6
Rate of filtration 100-150 LPH/Sqm. 100-150 LPM/Sqm.
Flexibility in operation Not Possible Possible
Size of one unit 30m x 60m 6m x 8m to 8m x 10m
Skilled supervisors Not required Essentially required
Distribution of grain size Uniform Non uniform, fine at top and course at bottom

Filter head 15 to 75 cm 2 to 4m
Maintenance cost Small More
Cleaning period 1 to 3 months 2 to 3 days
Method of cleaning Scrapping the top layers Agitation and back washing
Construction simple Complicated
Suitability For small towns and villages where land cost is For big cities where land cost is high
less
Efficiency More efficient for bacterial removal and less for Less efficient for bacterial removal and more
turbidity and colour removal efficient for turbidity and colour removal.
Penetration of suspended Small Very deep
impurities
Base material Varies from 3 to 65 mm in size, and 30 to 75 cm Varies from 3 to 40 mm in size, and 60 to 90 cm
in depth. in depth.
Back washing quantity required No back washing required. Top sand layer is 2 to 4 % of filtered water.
replaced.
Under drainage system 1.Laid to receive filtered water 1. Laid to receive filtered water and also to pass
2.Open joint pipes backwash water at a higher rate.
2. Manifold and latarals.
 La Mesa Treatment Plant
• LMTP 1 uses the standard conventional • LMTP 2 also uses coagulation-flocculation
coagulation-flocculation- process but employs the pulsator clarifier for
sedimentation, rapid gravity dual- turbidity removal. It undergoes single-
media filtration and final disinfection by
media filtration and chlorine gas
chlorination.
disinfection
 Putatan Treatment Plant

The plant uses dissolved air

flotation, biological aerated
filtration, microfiltration,
ultrafiltration and reverse
osmosis to treat raw water
from Laguna Lake.
REFERENCES
• http://
site.iugaza.edu.ps/frabah/files/2012/02/Water-treatment-Lecture-5-E
ENV.pdf
• https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/EPA_water_treatmen
t_manual_%
20filtration1.pdf
• http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/filtration/filtration-1.html
• https://
www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/ultrafiltrationnanoandro
• Water Supply and Sewerage by EW Steel and Terrence McGhee