Animal Welfare Findings from:

Global Reconnaissance of Municipal Live Markets,

Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems
in Developing Countries
World Bank Study (Japanese Trust Funded)
Conducted in: EAP, SAR, AFR, LAC and MENA

Study by Consultants:
Nippon Koei Co
ProAnd Associates Australia

World Bank Study Manager:

Sandra Cointreau
The World Bank Group:

• IDA and IBRD lending to countries, IFC lending to

companies, and IMF monetary support.
• Over 10,000 staff, over 100 regional offices.
• Lending portfolio over 30 BB $/yr.
• IFC animal welfare note.
• Bank-wide environmental health safeguards
guidelines include animal welfare.
• While animal welfare is included for impact
minimization and mitigation, animal welfare is yet not
targeted for project investment.
CURRENT CONTEXT:

• The world’s human population is densifying. As of this

year, there are more people in cities than in rural areas.
• Livestock populations are also densifying…into intensive
industrialized facilities.
• In developing countries, intensive livestock producers are
locating near cities for the access to markets and
infrastructure.
• Municipalities are being increasingly burdened by the need
to provide livestock processing infrastructure to meet the
growing local demand for meat.
• Most of developing country production is for local demand,
and affordability limits the revenue base for livestock
processing.
 Growth in Human and Animal Populations,
and available GNP income base:
2000 -> 2030
• High Income Countries ($34,500/cap/yr)
– People 1.2 BB -> 1.3 BB
– Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Goats 4.0 BB -> 5.2 BB
– Poultry 15.0 BB -> 24.8 BB

• Low and Middle Income ($583 and $2,833/cap/yr)

– People 4.9 BB -> 7.1 BB
– Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Goats 3.0 BB -> 4.2 BB
– Poultry 11.0 BB -> 19.2 BB
STUDY OBJECTIVES:

• Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter

facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and related
systems of waste management.
• Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment,
disposal, and recycling of wastes.
• Identify and report on the problems and needs of the
facilities.
• Collect and examine available data on related bio-
security and food safety issues.
GENERAL FINDINGS (1):
• Municipal slaughterhouses are commonly old and operating
significantly over their intended capacity.
• The private sector owns modern and sanitary facilities, but
they operate only for high-end markets.
• The unregulated informal slaughter sector is extensive.
• Local incomes limit meat prices and this limits municipal
cost recovery from slaughterers.
• Regulatory framework and enforcement is poor.
• Religious and cultural traditions have a significant impact on
operations.
• Meat from freshly killed livestock is preferred, requiring
night and early morning slaughtering conditions.
GENERAL FINDINGS (2):

• Unsanitary working conditions and limited clean hot water.

• No orderly conveyance.
• Dark and slippery working conditions.
• Surface materials porous and hard to clean.
• Animal welfare is poor.
• Child labor is extensive and exacerbates animal suffering.
• Occupational health and safety is poor.
• Municipal management and capacity is poor.
• Veterinary inspection is inadequate.
• Most fifth quarter is recycled extensively, commonly by
informal sector recyclers.
• Blood, stomach contents and excreta are discharged to
waterways, or sent to municipal open dumps.
SUMMARY OF ANIMAL WELFARE FINDINGS:

• All fundamental pillars of good animal welfare

(the five freedoms) were widely abused.
Freedom - Hunger and Thirst
Freedom - Pain, Injury and Disease
Freedom - Physical and Thermal Discomfort
Freedom - Fear and Distress
Freedom - Abnormal Behaviour
• Absence of any official animal welfare control
mechanism.
• Lack of awareness of animal welfare standards or
measures.
• Lack of awareness of need to improve animal
welfare.
STUDY OBSERVATIONS IN NEXT SLIDES:

• Transportation
• Live Markets
• Slaughterhouses
• Waste Disposal Sites
TRANSPORTATION (1):
• Unsuitable vehicles.
• Long journeys and poor road conditions.
• Overcrowding.
• Dehydration.
• Poor driving skills.
TRANSPORTATION (2):
Unloading:
• Unloading facilities are often poor:
- Injuries to both animals and humans.
• Vehicular crowding.
TRANSPORTATION (3):

Cramped conditions during

transportation and little water
or shade available, if any.
 LIVESTOCK MARKETS (1):

• Crowded, noisey, dirty.

• Mixed species, mixed
exposure to diseases.
• Unsold animals return home,
creating disease exposure
linkages.
LIVESTOCK MARKETS (2):

Goats trussed at a market

without shade or water and
amongst debris and
garbage.

Assisting a weak animal to

its feet .
LIVESTOCK MARKETS (3):
Sticks used extensively by
herders to keep the animals
under control, for cattle in
particular, resulting in pain,
stress, and bruising.

Livestock trussed all day at

market - poultry often carried
upside down to and from
market.
SLAUGHTERHOUSES (1):

• Poor delivery conditions.

• No sheltered place to wait or
be refreshed with water or food.
• No orderly conveyance to slaughter.
• Animals toppled, beaten,
and prodded.
• Pregnant animals accepted
for slaughter.
 SLAUGHTERHOUSES (2):

• Slippery surfaces.
• Killing and other operations
done on floor.
• Dark operating conditions
inside.
• No separation of clean and
dirty areas.
SLAUGHTERHOUSES (3):

•Slaughter and processing

areas overcrowded.
•Noisy, stressful operations.
•Children often present to
assist.
SLAUGHTERHOUSES (4):

Animals waiting amidst the

slaughter operations.
Some left overnight for next
day slaughter.
SLAUGHTERHOUSES (4):

Stunning generally not

practiced (all species) –
unsuitable techniques e.g.
spinal section .
WASTE DISPOSAL:

Discharge of wastes to open

channels and municipal open
dumps affects welfare of
wildlife and domestic animals.
Recommendations:

• Regulatory reform.
• Best practice guidelines.
• Stakeholder consultation and awareness.
• Slaughterer and veterinary capacity development.
• Investment in public live markets and slaughterhouses.
• Municipal management capacity development.
• Improve private sector investment climate.
• Interagency program of analytical work.
• Recognize that food safety, animal welfare, livestock disease
control, and food security are public goods.
• Develop inter-governmental economic instruments to support
municipal improvement.
Ongoing at Bank:

• Country projects to improve

environmental sustainability at
production facilities, improve live markets,
improve slaughter waste discharges, control HPAI, and reduce
livestock green house gas emissions.
• Developing a guidance document on reconstruction and
refurbishment of live markets and slaughterhouses.
• Supporting the One World One Health concept.
• Developing an alliance for humane and sustainable livestock
production and processing among our agency and NGO
partners.
• Developing a partnership of private sector food retailers,
associations and producers.
A New Humane Humanity for the
New Age.

To obtain information on these

studies, or discuss
partnering, contact:

Sandra Cointreau,
Waste Management Advisor,
Urban Anchor of World Bank
scointreau@worldbank.org
mobile: 1-860-488-5910
http://worldbank.org/solidwaste