sURVEYING

BY ANKIT TIWARI
 Surveying
 Surveying is an art or science to determine the
relative positions of an object on earth's surface by
measuring the horizontal distances, elevations,
directions, and angles.
 Objective of Surveying
 Objective of surveying is to prepare a maps or plan
to show the relative positions of the objects on the
surface of the earth.

 It also shows the boundaries of various districts

,states & countries too.

 It also includes details of different engineering

features such as buildings ,roads ,railways ,dams, etc.
Objective of Surveying

MAP
Objective of Surveying

REAL ESTATE LAYOUT PLAN

 Uses of Surveying
 The surveying may be used for the following purposes:

To prepare a topographical map which shows, hills,

valleys, rivers, forest, villages, etc.

To prepare a cadastral maps which shows the

boundaries of fields, plots, houses & other properties.

 To prepare an engineering map which shows the

positions of engineering works, such as buildings, roads,

dams, canals, railways, bridges,etc

To prepare military map, geological map,

archaelogical map.
Topographical Map
Cadastral Map
Engineering Map
Military Map
Geological Map
Archaeological Map
Primary Divisions Of Surveying
We know that the shape of earth is spheroidal.
Thus the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is
the primarily divided into two types considering the
curvature of the earth’s surface.

 Plane surveying

Geodetic surveying
 Plane Surveying
The Plane surveying is that type of surveying in which earth's

surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is

ignored.

 In such surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to

be straight.

The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plane

triangle.

 Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 sq.km.

It is carried out by local or state agencies like irrigation department,

Railway department.
 Geodetic Survey
 The geodetic surveying is that type of surveying in which

earth's curvature is taken in into account. It is generally

extended over larger areas.

The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line.

 The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be

spherical angles.

Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of India

Department and is carried out for a larger area exceeding

250sq.km.
Classification of Surveying
 Survey can be classified into various categories
depending on the methods used and nature of the field.

Classification Based on Instruments.

 Chain Survey : This is the simplest type of surveying in

which only linear measurements are made with a chain or
tape. Angular measurements are not taken.

 Compass survey : In compass survey, the angles are

measured with the help of magnetic compass.
Chain Survey
 Chain Survey

Engineer’s Chain = 100 feet

Metric Chain = 20m or 30m
Gunter’s chain = 66 feet.
 Compass Survey

PRISMATIC COMPASS SURVEYOR COMPASS

Compass Survey
 Plane Table surveying
 It is a graphical method of surveying in which field works
and plotting both are done simultaneously.
 Theodolite Survey
In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are measured with
the theodolite more precisely than compass and the linear
measurements are made with a chain or tape.
Photogrammetry Survey
 Photogrammetry is the science of taking the
measurements with the photographs taken by aerial
camera from the air craft.
 EDM Survey
 In this type of survey all measurements (length ,angles,
coordinates) are made with help of EDM instrument. (Total
Station).
Classification of Surveying
Based on the Purpose :

i. Geological Survey

ii. Mine survey

iii. Archaeological survey

iv. Military survey

Based on the nature of field:

i. land Survey

ii. Hydrographic survey

iii. Aerial survey

Hydrographic Surveying
Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the
survey of physical features present underwater. It is the
science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all
the marine activities like, marine constructions, offshore
drilling etc.
 Levelling
Levelling is the branch of surveying which deals with

the measurement of the relative heights of different

points on ,above or below the earth surface.

Levelling
THANKYOU