Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Artrite induse de
cristale
Poliartrita (guta/pseudoguta)
reumatoida
Artrozele (boala articulară
degenerativă, osteoartroza)
Osteonecroza
Spondiloartropatiile
seronegative
Artrita infecțioasă
Spondilita anchilozantă, sindrom Reiter, artrita
și spondilita psoriazică, spondilatropatiile
Manual Merck, ediția a XVIII-a
juvenile etc
Artrozele (boala articulară • artropatie cronică
degenerativă, osteoartroza) • distrugerea cartilajului –
hipertrofie osoasă (osteofite);
• frecvent afectate – articulația
primară genunchiului, șoldului, halucelui,
secundară lombar, cervical
Activități
sportive, genetic
traumatisme Polimorfism gene
proteine (colagen
Greutatea, II), IGF-1,
densitatea receptori vit D,
minerală osoasă receptori pt
estrogen
Cecil Medicine, 23rd edition, 2008
1. activitate anormală a condrocitelor;
2. ↑ os subcondral – microfracturi,
microcalusuri - ↑ rigiditatea
3. Metaplazia celulelor sinoviale
periferice - osteocondrofitele;
4. microchisturi la nivelul osului
subcondral
Cartilaj normal –
avascular, alimfatic, aneural
Condrocite (5%) – turnover ↓
+ matrice extracelulară 95%
(apă + proteine –
aminoglicani, condroitină,
colagen tip II, proteoglicani -
agrecani)
Sinteza/degradarea
CONDROCITELE componente matrix
extracelular
ACAN/COL2A1/SOX9
Agrecanase –
proteoglicani
TIMPS
ADAMTS-4
Matrix proteazele (enzime proteolitice) – (agrecanase1)
"matrix metalloproteinase " MMP1, ADAMTS-5
MMP3, MMP8, MMP13 - COLAGENASE (agrecanasa 2)
FACTORI TRANSCRIPȚIONALI
sistemul complement;
supraexpresia HDAC2,
AP1/PEA3/p38/C-Jun-terminal kinaza HDAC7, HDAC1
(JNK); MAPK (mitogen activated protein
kinase) , PKC (protein kinasa C)
Muller MB et al, Anabolic/Catabolic balance in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: identifying molecular targets, PMR, 2011, S3-S11.
Green JE , Selecting dietary-derived bioactives which protect cartilage from destruction in osteoarthritis, PhS thesis, 2015
Khan N.M. et al. – Epigenetics in osteoarthritis: potential of HDAC inhibitors as therapeutics, Pharmacological Research, 2018, 128:73-79
Rhahmat M et al, Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthriris: a critical review of the state of art, current prospects and future chalnges, Bone,
2016,85:81-90
POLIARTRITA boală autoimună
REUMATOIDĂ inflamație - țesut sinovial;
incidență ↑ femei;
Sinoviala conține proteine citrulinate
– fibrina citrulinata, vimentina anticorpi pt IgG (factor reumatoid);
citrulinată, colagen II citrulinat autoanticorpi anti-proteine citrulinate
(ACAP)
Anticorpi anti CCP –
predictie b. erozivă
Factori de mediu
Factori
genetici
(infecții
bacteriene/virale, RISC
fumat)
fav. Citrulinarea
HLADR4; proteinelor
PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type
22),
PADI4 (peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV),
CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4),
Diagnostic poliartrita reumatoidă
Redoare matinală > 1 h (peste 6 saptamani);
Atrită la nivelul a > 3 articulații simultan (peste 6 saptamani);
Artrita articulațiilor mâinii (radiocarpiană, metacarpofalangiene, interfalangiene
proximale) (peste 6 saptamani);
Manifestări
Artrită simetrică ;
Sistemice
Noduli reumatoizi;
Factor reumatoid pozitiv, modificări radiografice
1. Factori de
mediu/genetici –
formarea de
autoanticorpi (faza
timpurie)
2. Inflamație la nivelul
membranei sinoviale,
pannus;
3. Lichid sinovial –
limfocite T, B,
macrofage, celule
sinoviale - ↑ citokine
(IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17,,
IL-12, IL-23 etc);
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-
RANKL Β ligand/ osteoclast differentiation factor 4. hipoxie, angiogeneză
(↑VEGF)
5. Diferențiere
NfKB, PI3K, SyK/BTK, JAK osteoclaste
Producția de citokine
Proliferare celulară Activarea limfocitelor
inflamatie
B,T/macrofage
Mclenns IB et al, The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, The New England Journal of Medicine, 2011, 365(23):2205-2219
TRATAMENT
AINS (inhibitori
COX1/COX2) sau inhibitori
specifici COX2 (coxibe),
selectivi (meloxicam,
nimesulid);
corticosteroizi;
glucosamin/condroitin;
preparate administrate
topic
Antireumatice specifice
• penicilamina;
• Antimetaboliți – metotrexat;
• imunosupresoare selective (abataceptum, leflunomidum);
• Inhibitori TNF-α – ADALIMUMABUM,
INFLIXIMABUM, ETANERCEPTUM;
• Inhibitori ai interleukinei (Anakinra);
• Alte substanțe (clorochina, hidroclorochina)
curcuminoide – Curcumae rhizoma;
ALKAMIDE – gingeroli – Zingiberis rhizoma;
Lepidium meyenii taninuri, proantociani – Theaea folium,
Punica granatum. Pinus maritima;
Compuși AFC – Urticae folium;
fenolici flavone – Vitex negundo, Eucomia
ulmoides; Eleagnus angustifolia
salicozidă – Salicis cortex/Gemmae populi
Ulei
Cedrus volatil
deodora, Withanolide
Compuși – Whitania
Eugenia
caryophylata
sterolici somnifera
PRINCIPII ACTIVE
Derivați Liquiritiae radix;
Lignani Harpophytum
terpenici
procumbens
Ginseng radix
Boerhavia diffusa Celastrus aculeatus
Merr.(celastrol)
Magnolia officinalis
Alcaloizi Rezine
Commiphora mukul
Piperina –Piper longum Acizi boswelici – Boswelia sp.
Uncaria tomentosa
Bromelina - Ananas
Gaultheria sp.
Enzime
PRINCIPII ACTIVE
Epoxizi Naftohidrochinone
diterpenici
Mollugin - Rubia
Triptolide cordifolia
T. wilfordii Hook F Protoalcaloizi Uleiuri
Capsaicina grase
ulei de susan/de
avocado/in
Ephtimiou P et al, Complementary and
alternative medicine use in rheumatoid
arthritis: proposed mechanism of
action and efficacy of commonly used
modalities, Rheumatol Int, 2009
A. COMPUȘI FENOLICI
Curcuma xanthorrhizae D. Dietrich
(Javanese turmeric)
Curcuma longa L. (turmeric)
Curcumae rhizoma
Curcuma xanthorrizae D.
++ xanthorrizol
Afecțiuni OA
CURCUMINĂ
condrocite izolate ↓NO, ↓apoptoză (↑Bax/Blc2, ↓caspază 3) Zhao P et al, 2018
(iepuri) – apoptoză Inhibă MMPs -NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K
cu NPS, 5/10/20 µM ↑ producția de colagen
nanoparticule/liposomi;
formare de complexi cu fosfatidilcolină
asociere cu Piper sp. – piperina ↑ biodisponibilitatea
(2g curcumina +20 mg piperina, Bd ↑ x20)
Theacurmin – AUC 27 x > curcumina
!!!colangită,
litiază biliară
Mirzai H et al, Phytosomal curcumin: a review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies
EMA
Zingiberis rhizoma
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
gastro-
REACȚII intestinale
ADVERSE (Bliddal et al,
2000; Wigler et al,
2003)
anticoagulante
orale;
INTERACȚIUNI 6- gingerol inhibă
CYP450 /P-
glicoproteina P
EMA/HMPC/577856/2010
Punica granatum
Elagotaninuri (punicalagin),
Antociani (derivați ai delfinidolului)
Elemente minerale (Mg, Mn, Zn, K),
Carbohidrați (glucoză, fructoză etc)
Fadavi A et al, Physicochemical Composition of ten Pomegranate cultivars (Punica granatum L.) grown in Iran, Food Sci Techn Int, 2005,
11(2):113-119
Șoareci – model de gonartroză Efect antiinflamator (- citokine în lichid
I. Placebo sinovial)
II. II-IV. Suc (4,10, 20 mg/kg) p.o 14 Efect chondroprotector - ↓ eroziunea
zile (Hadipour-Jahromy et al, 2010)
Belcaro G et al, Variations in C-reactive protein , plasma free-radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis
treated with Pycnogenol, Redix Report, 2008, 13(6): 271-276
Grimm T et al, Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark
extract (Pycnogenol), Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2004, 36(6):811-822.
37 pacienți cu gonartroză Studiu dublu orb ↓ durerea, inflamația,
I. Placebo randomnizat placebo utilizarea de AINS
II. 50 mg Pcygnogenol controlat (Farid R et al, 2007)
x3/ziv(3 luni)
77 pacienți cu gonartroză Studiu dublu orb ↓ durerea, inflamația,
I. Placebo randomnizat placebo utilizarea de AINS, ↓
II. 100 mg/zi controlat simpt. gastro-intestinale
Pycgnogenol – 3 luni asociate cu AINS
(Belcaro G et al, 2008)
Artrita gutoasă
Peng Y et al, Pcynogenol attenuates the inflammatory and nitrosative stress on joint inflammation induced by urate crystals, Free Radical
Biology and Medicine, 2012, 52: 765-774
Theae folium Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Epigallocatechin -3-
gallate(EGCC) >>>
epicatechin
Cabrera C et al, Beneficial effects of green tea – a review, Journal of American College of Nutrition, 2006, 25(2), 79-99
1. Fibroblaste sinoviale umane de la Inhibă TAK-1;
pacienti cu AR + 5-20µM EC, EGC, EGC, EGCG ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8,
EGCG, anterior tratament cu IL-1β COX2, MMP-2;
EGCG inhibă p-38, NfKB (Fechtner et
al,2017)
Antiinflamator, ↓ AR
Bd↑
Histamină
(peri) Acid Carotenoie, vitamine
kynurenic (vitamina K)
AFC – acid
cafeoilmalic
Flavone, AFC,
Cumarine
(scopoletol),
acizi grași, ulei
volatil
Zgrajka W et al, Kynurenic acid content in anti-rheumatic
herbs, Annals of Agricultural and Envinronmental Medicine,
2013, 20(4):800-802
1. in vitro (leucocite șobolan – RBL1) Inhibă 5-LPO, ↓ LB4, ↓PGD2, ↓PGF2α
+ 0,1 mg/mL extract hidroalcoolic/ (Obertreiss B et al, 1996)
1mg/mL acid cafeoil malic
efect antiinflamator –
derivați flavonici, acțiunea
antioxidantă
lignani (semințe) –
vitexdoină F, G, H) – in vitro
(macrofage RAW 264,7
↓NO, inhibă expresia iNOS)
Zheng C.J. et al, Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic lignans from Vitex negundo seeds, Fitoterapia, 2014, 93:31-38
100 pacienți cu gonartroză Studiu dublu orb ↓ durerea, ↓ inflamația
I. Placebo randomnizat placebo articulară, ↓ slăbiciunea
II. 2 tab x2/zi Rumalaya controlat (faza III) musculară/ ap. Osteofitelor
Forte (Boswellia (Srivastava N et al, 2005)
serrata, Comiphora
wightii, Alpinia galanga,
G. Glabra, Tinosporoa
cordifolia, Tribulus
terrestris, Vitex
negundo, Zingiberis
officinalis) – 6 luni
36 pacienți cu gonartroză Studiu clinic retrospectiv ↓ durerea, s-a imbunătățit
I. Placebo (Nipanikar S et al, 2012) mobilitatea
II. 2 capsule/ preparat
Ayurwedic – 130 mg
Boswellia + 100 mg
Commiphora mukul +
75 mg Withania
somnifera + 75 mg
Vitex negundo + 60 mg
Ricinus communis + 50
mg Nyctanthes
arbotritis (180 zile)
Eleagnus angustifoliae
folium/fructus
Tehranizadeh Z. A. et al, Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia) as a herbal healer, Bioimpacts, 2016,
6(3):155-167.
Hamidpor R et al, Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifoliaL.): from a variety of traditional medicinal
applications to its novel roles as active antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and analgesic
agent, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine , 2017, 7:24-29.
90 pacienți cu gonartroză Studiu dublu orb ↓TNFα, ↑ IL-10
I. Placebo randomnizat
II. 15g/zi pulbere din fruct placebo controlat
proaspăt 8 sapt (Nikniaz Z et al, 2014)
poliholozide
Acid gliciretic/glicirizina ↓COX-2 - ↓ TxA2 Quang Q-c et al (2016)
Acid gliciretic Inhibă 11-β hidroxisteroid
dehidrogenaza
Isoliquiritigenin ↓NO, ↓PGE2 (in vitro LPS Kin J-Y et al, 2008
RAW264.7 macrofage),
inhibă expresia iNOS,
COX-2; ↓IL-6, inhibă
NfKb, inhibă fosforilarea
ERK1/2; p38
Isoliquiritigenin ↓ RANKL; inhibă Zhu L et al, 2012
osteoclastogeneza și
distrugerea osului (in vitro)
Isoliquiritigenin ↓IL-1β; ↓MMPS; inhibă Zhang L et al, 2018
activarea NfKb (in vitro
condrocite
Isoliquiritigenin Limfocite umane Yang F et al, 2017
Inhibă activarea
limfocitelor T prin
inhibarea fosforilării IκBα
și IKKβ
EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Corr. 1
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ;
HARPAGOPYTI RADIX Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne
Antihipertensive
Antidiabetice
Antiinflamatoare
WITHANIAE
SOMNIFERAE RADIX
hipoglicemiante
Asociere cu Interacțiuni
Dozare heterozide
hormoni tiroidieni cardiotonice
- tireotoxicoză
Deprimante
SNC
B. REZINE
COMMIPHORA MUKUL
Oleo-gumi-rezine
E, Z guggulsteroli;
Acizi grași (acid oleic, linoleic,
palmitic, stearic),
Dimyrcen (ulei volatil);
α – camphorene (ulei volatil);
Aminoacizi – cistină, histidină,
alanină, prolină, triptofan, leucină etc
compuși triterpenici (Myrhanol A)
lignani (sesamină)
Jasuja ND, A review on bioactive compounds and medicinal uses of Commiphora mukul, Journal of Plant
Sciences, 2012, 7(4):113-137.
Shen T et al, The gennus Comiphora: a review of its traditional use, phytochemistry and
pharmacology, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012, 142:319-330.
Shen T et al, The gennus Comiphora: a review of its traditional use, phytochemistry and
pharmacology, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012, 142:319-330.
Studii in vitro Preincubare cu Le Y.R. et al, 2008
Fibroblaste de la nivelul guggulsteroli ↓ citokine
lichidului sinovial (RANTES, ENA-78); ↓
(IL-1β) activitatea MMP-
1/MMP-3; inhibă
activarea NfKB
Studii in vitro (HMEEC- Guggulsteroli pretratament Song J.J. et al, 2018
celule epiteliale de la (2,5; 5; 10; 25 µM) ↓TNF-
nivelul urechii) + LPS α; inhibă COX-2 și
(50µg/ml) degradarea Ikb-α
Rajoria K et al, Clinical study on aksha Guggulu, Snehana, Swedana & Traction in Osteoarthritis (Knee
joint), Ayu 2010, 31(1):80-87.
Boswellia serata;
BOSWELLIA
Boswellia sacra;
Boswellia carterii
Boswellia neglecta
Bd↓,
administra
re repetată
-6h
Acizii boswelici
Inhibă TLR4
Inhibă
Inhibă 5-LPO - COX, ALOX -12 elastaza
leucocitară
Inhibă PGE2
↓ NO, TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, sintaza
↓ leucotriene inhibă MAP kinaza;
(PGH2-PGE2
Inhibă MMP-3; MMP-
13 pro-inflamatoare)
TLR4 – toll like receptor
Iram F et al, Phytochemistry and potential therapeutic actions of boswellic acids: a mini-review, Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2017, 7(6):513-523.
Wang Q et al, Oral and topic boswellic acid attenuates mouse osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2014,
22:128-132.
Ammon HPT, Boswellic acids in chronic imflammatory diseases, Planta Medica, 2006, 72(12): 1100-1116
Animale de laborator
Șoareci cu OA Bd ↑ la administrarea topică; ↓ degradarea cartilajului,
I. Placebo (Wang Q et al, 2014) inflamația la nivel sinovial
II. Acid boswelic oral 10 și formarea de osteofite
mg/Kg
III. Acid boswelic – unguent
(12 sapt)
R.A.
Uncariae tomentosae cortex
Derivați
triterpenici (acid Uncaria tomentosa D.C./Uncaria guaianensis J.F.
oleanolic)
pentaciclic – formosanină
(uncarină B), pteropodină
Alcaloizi (uncarină C), mitraphylină;
oxindolici tetraciclic – rotundifolină,
rincofilină
Glicozide
Mitraphylină/ ale acidului
Proantociani Steroli
alcaloizi
quinovic
scavenger de ROS
↓IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, scavenger de ROS
Inhibă COX/iNOS, NfKb
CAON, Thiago, et al. Antimutagenic and antiherpetic activities of different preparations from Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s
claw). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2014, 66: 30-35.
Jose L et al, Anti-inflammatory activity of two different extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae), Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 2002, 81:271-276
Amaral S et al, Plant extracts with anti-inflamatory properties – a new approach for characterization of their bioactive
compounds and establishment of structure-antioxidant actvity relationships, Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, 2009, 17:1876-
1883.
Hardin SR, Cat’s claw: an amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis, Complementary
therapies in clinical practice, 2007, 13:25-28
in vitro (linia Jurkat) – ↓NfkB; inhibă COX - COX Aguilar JL et al (2002)
TNFα; pretratament cu 2 2 (extract A)
extracte standardizate în
5,61% (A) alcaloizi
oxindolici , respectiv
0,26% (B)/ șobolani -
edem al labei comparativ
cu indometacin
1.AKRAMAS, Laimis, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of herbal preparation EM 1201 in adjuvant arthritic
rats. Medicina, 2015, 51.6: 368-377.
2. Chrubasik S ; Junck H ; Breitschwerdt H ; Conradt Ch ; Zappe H, Effectiveness of Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 in the treatment
of exacebation of low back pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 1999. 16,
118-29 .
3. Oh, J. H., Lee, T. J., Park, J. W., & Kwon, T. K. (2008). Withaferin A inhibits iNOS expression and nitric oxide production by Akt
inactivation and down-regulating LPS-induced activity of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. European journal of pharmacology, 599(1-3),
11-17.
4. ICHIKAWA, Haruyo, et al. Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression
of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and NF-κB–regulated gene expression. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2006, 5.6: 1434-1445.
5. Gupta, A., & Singh, S. (2014). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Withania somnifera root on collagen-induced arthritis in
rats. Pharmaceutical biology, 52(3), 308-320.
6. Khan, M. A., Subramaneyaan, M., Arora, V. K., Banerjee, B. D., & Ahmed, R. S. (2015). Effect of Withania somnifera
(Ashwagandha) root extract on amelioration of oxidative stress and autoantibodies production in collagen-induced arthritic
rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 12(2), 117-125.
7. Sabina Evan Prince, Chandel Sonal, Rasool Mahaboob Khan. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effect of
Withaferin A. Int J Integr Biol 2009;6(2):52e6.
8. LEE, Young-Rae, et al. Guggulsterone blocks IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses by suppressing NF-κB activation in
fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Life sciences, 2008, 82.23-24: 1203-1209.
9. SONG, Jae-Jun, et al. Guggulsterone suppresses LPS induced inflammation of human middle ear epithelial cells
(HMEEC). International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2010, 74.12: 1384-1387.
10. FAN, A. Y., et al. Effects of an acetone extract of Boswellia carterii Birdw.(Burseraceae) gum resin on adjuvant-induced arthritis in
lewis rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005, 101.1-3: 104-109.
11. MISHRA, N. K., et al. Anti-arthritic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia serrata and their synergistic activity in combined
formulation studied in freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2011, 2.2: 92.
12. KIMMATKAR, N., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee–a randomized
double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10.1: 3-7.
13. SENGUPTA, Krishanu, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 5-Loxin® and Aflapin® against osteoarthritis of the knee: a
double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical study. International journal of medical sciences, 2010, 7.6: 366.
14. SONTAKKE, S., et al. Open, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Boswellia serrata extract as compared to valdecoxib in
osteoarthritis of knee. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2007, 39.1: 27.
15. NOTARNICOLA, Angela, et al. Methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids versus glucosamine sulfate in the
treatment of knee arthritis: Randomized trial. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology, 2016,
29.1: 140-146.