Prepared by:

Lesandra C. Basco
College Instructor
Ligao Community Colege

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 To define Statistics
 To determine the branches of statistics
 To determine the key decisions in collecting
data
 To determine data handling.
 To determine the different description of data
handling

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 A science that deals with the use of
development and use of the most effective
ways/technique of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analysing and interpreting
quantitative/qualitative data for use in
making decisions/policies.

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

1. Descriptive Statistics
 Capturing features of data such as collecting,
organizing, and presenting.
2. Statistical Inference
 Inductive reasoning to make a generalization
conclusion where the nature of the population
using the sample evidence.
 It is the process of drawing conclusion about
populations or scientific truths from data.
 Two types of statistical inference:
1) Estimation
2) Test Hypothesis

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 2 keys decisions in collecting data:
1. What to measures?
2. How to obtain the data?

Data Gathering

Sampling experimentation
Portion of the Procedure carried out
population to support, refute, or
(representative) validate hypothesis.

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

1) Raw data
2) Summarizing Data
 Transform raw data into valuable information.
1. Graphical presentation of data.
2. Typical values of data
3. Variation in data
4. Asses whether if there is any abnormality pattern
in data.

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 The first step of data analysis is to
summarize the data by drawing plots and
charts as well as by computing some
descriptive statistics.

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 A firm in the transformation industry
classifies the individuals at managerial
positions according to their university degree.
There are currently 1 accountant, 3
administrators, 4 economists, 7 engineers, 2
lawyers and 1 physicist. The corresponding
frequency table as follows:

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1) Mode
2) Mean
3) Median

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 Most frequent observation in the sample.
 Midpoint of the most frequent interval.
 Very sensitive to changes, even if only
marginal, in data values and interval
definition.

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 The numerical average.
𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 +𝑥2 +⋯+𝑥𝑛
𝑥=σ𝑛𝑖=1 =
𝑛 𝑛

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 number of separating the higher half of a
sample population from the lower half.
 Sorting all the observations from the lowest
value to the highest value.
 Reflect the central tendency of the sample in
such a way that it is uninfluenced by extreme
values or outliers.
𝑥𝑛+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
2
𝑥෤ = ቐ1
𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛.
2 2 2

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 As an example, suppose the data set is the
following:
◦ 1.7, 2.2, 3.9, 3.11 and 14.7
◦ The sample mean and median are respectively,
 𝑥 = 5.12
 𝑥෤ = 3.9

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 DOT PLOT ILLUSTRATION

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 Trimmed Mean
◦ Computed by ‘trimming away” a certain percent of
both the largest and the smallest set of values. For
example , the 10% trimmed mean is found by
eliminating the largest 10% and the smallest 10%
and computing the average of the remaining values.

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 According to the journal Chemical Engineering, an important
property of a fiber is its water absorbency. A random sample
of 20 pieces of cotton fiber was taken and the absorbency on
each piece was measured. The following are the absorbency
values:
18.71, 21.41 , 20.72, 21.81, 19.29, 22.43, 20.17,
23.71, 19.44, 20.50, 18.92, 20.33, 23.00, 22.85,
19.25, 21.77, 22.11, 19.77, 18.04, 21.12

1) Calculate the sample mean and median for the above sample values.
2) Compute the 10% trimmed mean.
3) Do a dot plot of the absorbency data using excel.
4) Using only the values of the mean, median, and trimmed mean, do you
have evidence of outliers in the data?

LICOMCO LECTURES NOTES 19/01/2020

 In a study conducted by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Virginia Tech, the steel rods supplied by two
different companies were compared. Ten sample springs were
made out of the steel rods supplied by each company, and a
measure of flexibility was recorded for each. The data are as
follows:
Company A: 9.3, 8.8, 6.8, 8.7, 8.5, 6.7, 8.0, 6.5, 9.2, 7.0
Company B: 11.0, 9.8, 9.9, 10.2, 10.1, 9.7, 11.0, 11.1, 10.2, 9.6

1) Calculate the sample mean and median for the data for the two
companies.
2) Plot the data for the two companies on the same line and give
your impression regarding any apparent differences between the
two companies.

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