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a A disease is any abnormal condition that damages a plant

and reduces its productivity or usefulness to man.

a Under this definition, air pollution can cause disease, as

can many fungi and other infectious living organisms.

a Two basic types of diseases:

non-infectious (abiotic) and
infectious (biotic)
 


a   

caused by some environmental factor
a Nutrition
a Moisture
a Temperature
a Other Meteorological Conditions
a Toxic Chemicals
a  
pnfectious diseases are caused by organisms that attack plants and
get their nutrition from them
a Fungi
a Bacteria
a Viruses
a Phytoplasmas
a Nematodes
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aThree factors interact to produce disease; the

host, the pathogen, and the environment

a pf any one of these three factors is unfavorable

or missing, disease will not develop

 !- The study of:

 microorganisms and the environmental factors that cause
disease in plants
 the mechanisms by which these factors induce disease in plants
 the methods of preventing or controlling the disease and
reducing the damage it causes
  

 
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a Plants do not communicate about pain or discomfort
a pt is difficult to determine exactly when a plant is diseased until it starts
showing some kinds of symptoms

a A plant is considered healthy or normal when it can carry out its

physiological functions to the best of its genetic potential.

pn a healthy plant:
Î the meristematic cells divide and differentiate as needed.
Î different types of specialized cells absorb water and nutrients from the
soil.
Î specialized cells translocate water and nutrients to all plant parts.
Î specialized cells carry on photosynthesis, and translocate, metabolize, or
store the photosynthetic products.
Î seeds or other reproductive organs for survival and multiplication are
produced.
„hen the ability of the cells of a plant (or plant parts) to carry
out one or more of these essential functions is interfered with
by a pathogenic microorganism (more commonly known as
pathogens) or adverse environmental factor, the activities of
the cells are disrupted, altered, or inhibited, the cells
malfunction or die, and the plant becomes diseased.

pnitially, the damage to the plant from the disease is on one cell
or a small piece of tissue that cannot be visually detected.
Subsequently, the reaction expands from cell to cell and tissue
to tissue, and the damage becomes visible. The visible adverse
changes in the plants due to the diseases under favorable
environmental and cultural conditions are known as symptoms
and it can be measured to determine the amount of disease.
Common symptoms of plant diseases
include:

#$%%& Death and discoloration of cells

and tissues
$%%& Yellow of normal tissue due to
destruction of chlorophyll and lack
formation of chlorophyll
 & Rapid death of plant or plant parts
$& Burning-off of leaf margins due to
infection or environmental extremes
„& Loss of rigidity and loss of plant
parts due to inadequate water in the
plants
' ((& Destruction of seedling near
soil line, resulting in collapse of seedlings
on the soil surface
) & Reduced growth of plant



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aFungi and bacteria may penetrate

(enter) through natural openings such
as the %'

aViruses, fungi, and bacteria also enter

through wounds

aMany fungi can penetrate the leaf

surface directly without wounds or
stomata.
 #+%%,,

Î Molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe

interaction
Molecules involved from pathogens side to establish the
infection
Molecules involved in plant defense : DzDisease
resistancedz
Î ›ow to control plant diseases
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