Magnetic Materials I

MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Introduction
MAGNET: A device that

attracts iron and
produces a magnetic
field
Many of our modern
technological devices rely on
magnetism and magnetic
materials
Power generators, transformers, electric motors, radio,

television, telephones, computers & components of sound
& video reproduction systems.

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Basic definitions
MAGNETIC DIPOLES: The two equal and opposite

magnetic poles are separated by a small distance.
Magnetic dipole moment: Product of pole

strength and length of the magnet. m = ml
Magnetic Induction (or) magnetic flux density (b):

It represents the magnitude of the internal field
strength within a substance
that is subjected to an H field.
Magnetic field Intensity (h):

Ratio between the magnetic induction i.e. B 1
H= ampere m
and the permeability of the medium

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Basic definitions
Magnetic Permeability (µ): ratio of the magnetic
B 1
induction to the applied =
H
henry m
magnetic field intensity
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): ratio between the I

=
intensity of magnetization to the applied H
magnetic field intensity
Intensity of Magnetization : Magnetic

moment per unit volume

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Relation between µ & χ:
Relation between µ & χ:
B= H or B= ( I + H)
0
The relative permeability
= or B
r=
r
0H
0
Substituting the B value, we get,
0 ( I + H) I
r = = +1 r =1 +
0H
H

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – ORIGIN
Origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials:

magnetic moments associated with individual electrons
Each electron in an atom has magnetic moments
It originate from 2 source
One is related to its oriental motion around the nucleus
being moving charge, its generated small ‘M’ field
The 2nd
source is
electron spin

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – BOHR MAGNETON
Bohr Magnetron
The expression for orbital magnetic moment is,
eh
orb = ml
4 m
eh/4πm is called the Bohr Magneton, symbol β.
The expression for spin magnetic moment is,

eh
spin = ms
4 m
electron with (ms = ½) has a spin magnetic moment
= one Bohr Magneton

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Dia magnetism
Weak, non permanent magnetism and magnetic
susceptibility is negative.
Induced by a change in the oriental motion of electrons.
The induced magnetic moment is small and opposite
direction to applied field.
less permeability.
The volume susceptibility χm is on the order of10-5
When Placed inside the poles are attracted toward weak
regions.
There are no permanent dipoles
 Above critical temperature it converted as normal
material.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Dia magnetism
Diamagnetism is found in all materials but because it is so

weak,
it can be observed only when other types of magnetism
are totally absent.
External field

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Para magnetism
It is due to the independent alignment of atomic dipoles
with an applied magnetic field.
It occurs in free atoms and ions with partly filled electron
shells.
Susceptibility range from about 10-5 to 10-2.
Relative permeability µr is greater than unity,
If no field, the atomic magnets have
orientations.
When T is less than the curie temperature, it is converted
into diamagnetic.
Have permanent magnetic dipoles.

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Para magnetism
Positive magnetic susceptibility.
External field
In absence of field it have some orientation

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Ferro magnetism
Permanent & large magnetizations due to
parallel alignment of neighboring magnetic
moments.
Magnetic susceptibilities is high
When T < ‘θ’ the material is in ferromagnetic
Spin Direction
state
χ is very large due to spontaneous
magnetization.
Due to large internal field, the dipoles
arrange in same direction
Each domain is spontaneous magnetized
even no applied Field
An Introduction
Generally Magnet  Ferro Magnetic material

Ability to pickup the material like iron
It is permanent magnet even in no field.
It exhibits a magnetic moment in the absence of the field.

Explanation
Net intrinsic magnetic dipole

moment –due to spin of e-n
The neighbor dipoles having strong
interaction even in no field - SPIN
EXCHANGE INTERACTION
Exchange interaction aligns parallel
and spreads over a small finite volume
is called domain
All moments with in the domain is in
same direction
More domains
Properties
Having spontaneous magnetization and domain structure
strongly magnetized in the direction of the external field
If it is suspended freely, it set itself parallel to the
external field.
exhibit hysteresis and relative permeability is large.
The value magnetic susceptibility is large &depends on T
T, the value of decreases.
Above certain temperature, the ferromagnetic material
becomes paramagnetic material. This temperature is called
Curie temperature.
Shows magnetostriction effect.
Domain Theory of Ferromagnetism
To Explain HYSTERESIS effect, Weiss

proposed the concept of domains in 1907.
It consists of spontaneously magnetized

small regions where all the magnetic
moments are aligned in same direction.
This small region are called as domains.
Size 10-6 m

Domain Theory of Ferromagnetism
Absence of field, domains

oriented in diff. directions
But M Moments in same
Direction
Results  No Net Field
DOMAIN STRUCTURE
In the field, domains aligned in the dir. of field

If the field is removed, the domains restores its
original.
This cause the hysteresis.

MAGNETIZATION OF DOMAINS
When External field is applied two possible alignment of

domain
By motion of domain walls By rotation of domains

The domains, parallel or nearly
parallel field H can grown in size at If applied field is strong, the
the expense of Antiparallel domains can rotate into the field
domains. direction.

INTERNAL ENERGY IN DOMAINS
Its made up from the following contributions
Magneto static (or)

the exchange energy
Crystalline energy (or)

the anisotropy energy
Domain wall energy

(or) Bloch wall energy
Magnetostriction energy.

MAGNETOSTATIC ENERGY OR THE EXCHANGE ENERGY
Neighboring atomic magnetic

dipoles are interacting with Each
other and align themselves.
The interaction energy between

the neighboring atomic magnetic
dipoles is called exchange energy
or the magnetic field energy.

Crystalline energy or the anisotropic energy:

Most of the crystals are Anisotropic.
(having a different value when measured in
different directions)
have easy and hard directions of
magnetization.
higher fields hard directions.
The excess of energy required to magnetize a

crystal in a particular direction,
required to magnetize it along easy direction is
called crystalline energy or anisotropic energy.

Domain wall energy or Block wall energy:
The transition layer that separates adjacent

domains
magnetized in different directions is called

domain wall or block wall.
Magnetostriction Energy
Under magnetic field, the dimensions will change. This
phenomenon is called magnetostriction.
If the domains are magnetised in different directions they
will either expand or contract.
This means that work must be done against the elastic
restoring forces.
The work done by the magnetic field
against these elastic restoring forces is
called an magnetostriction energy or
magnetic elastic energy.

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Questions
QUESTIONS

Magnetic Materials I

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MAGNETIC

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

MAGNET: A device that

Power generators, transformers, electric motors, radio,

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

MAGNETIC DIPOLES: The two equal and opposite

Magnetic dipole moment: Product of pole

Magnetic Induction (or) magnetic flux density (b):

Magnetic field Intensity (h):

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): ratio between the I

Intensity of Magnetization : Magnetic

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Relation between µ & χ:

The relative permeability

Substituting the B value, we get,

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials:

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

The expression for spin magnetic moment is,

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Diamagnetism is found in all materials but because it is so

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Positive magnetic susceptibility.

In absence of field it have some orientation

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Generally Magnet  Ferro Magnetic material

It exhibits a magnetic moment in the absence of the field.

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Net intrinsic magnetic dipole

To Explain HYSTERESIS effect, Weiss

It consists of spontaneously magnetized

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Absence of field, domains

In the field, domains aligned in the dir. of field

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

When External field is applied two possible alignment of

By motion of domain walls By rotation of domains

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Its made up from the following contributions

Magneto static (or)

Crystalline energy (or)

Domain wall energy

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

MAGNETOSTATIC ENERGY OR THE EXCHANGE ENERGY

Neighboring atomic magnetic

The interaction energy between

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Crystalline energy or the anisotropic energy:

The excess of energy required to magnetize a

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

Domain wall energy or Block wall energy:

The transition layer that separates adjacent

magnetized in different directions is called

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

DEPT OF PHYSICS NIET

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