AV-203

ENGG CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-II

Lecture No 03

Impedance, Admittance & Kirchhoff’s Laws

Text Book : Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Chapter 9 Section 9.5, 9.6

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Mohsin Khalil

Class: 92 EC

Avionics Engineering Department

1
 Review

• Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

• Current leads for capacitors, lags for inductors

Lecture Objectives

• Relations for Impedance and Admittance

• Kirchhoff’s laws in Frequency Domain

2
 Impedance and Admittance
𝐈
𝐕 = 𝑅𝐈, 𝐕 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐈, 𝐕=
𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝐕 𝐕 𝐕 1 𝐕
= 𝑅, = 𝑗𝜔𝐿, = ⟹ =𝐙
𝐈 𝐈 𝐈 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝐈

1
• Where 𝐙 = 𝑅, 𝑗𝜔𝐿, 𝑜𝑟 for resistor, inductor or capacitor
𝑗𝜔𝐶

respectively
𝐕
• 𝐙= is impedance, which is frequency dependent
𝐈
• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor
voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in ohms Ω.

3
 Impedance and Admittance
• As a complex quantity, the impedance may be expressed in
rectangular form as
𝐙 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
• Where 𝑅 = Re 𝐙 is called Resistance and 𝑋 = Im 𝐙 is called
Reactance.
• The Reactance 𝑋 may be positive or negative.
• We say that the impedance is inductive when 𝑋 is positive
or capacitive when 𝑋 is negative.
• Therefore,𝐙 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 is inductive or lagging, since current
lags voltage
• And 𝐙 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋 is called capacitive or leading since current
leads voltage
4
 Impedance and Admittance
• It is sometimes convenient to work with the reciprocal of
impedance, known as admittance

• The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured

in siemens (S) or mhos.

𝟏
𝐘 = = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵
𝐙

• Where 𝐺 = Re 𝐘 is called Conductance and 𝐵 = Im 𝐘 is

called Susceptance.

5
 Impedance and Admittance

Impedances and admittances of passive elements

Element Impedance Admittance
1
R ZR Y
R
1
L Z  jL Y
jL
1
C Z  Y  j C
jC

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 Impedance and Admittance
  0; Z  0

  ; Z  
Z  jL

  0; Z  

1   ; Z  0
Z
jC

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 Impedance and Admittance

• After we know how to convert RLC

components from time to phasor domain, we
can transform a time domain circuit into a
phasor/frequency domain circuit.
• Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and
other theorems to directly set up phasor
equations involving our target variable(s) for
solving.

8
 Impedance and Admittance
Example

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and i(t).

vs  5 cos(10t )

Answers: i(t) = 1.118cos(10t – 26.56o) A; v(t) = 2.236cos(10t + 63.43o) V

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 Impedance and Admittance
𝜔 = 10 rad/s, R = 4Ω, L = 0.2H
𝐕𝑠 = 5∠0° = 5 + 𝑗0
𝐙 = R + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 4 + 𝑗2 = 5.38∠26.56°
𝐕𝑠 5∠0°
𝐈= =
𝐙 4.47∠26.56°
𝐈 = 1.118∠ − 26.56° A
𝐕 = 𝐈𝐙 = 𝐈 × 𝑗𝜔𝐿vs  5 cos(10t )
𝐋
𝐕 = 1.118∠ − 26.56° × 2∠90° vs  5 cos(10t )
𝐕 = 2.236 ∠ 63.44°
𝑖 𝑡 = 1.118 cos 10𝑡 − 26.56° 𝐴
𝑣 𝑡 = 2.236 cos 10𝑡 + 63.44° 𝑉
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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
in the Frequency Domain
• Both KVL and KCL are valid in the phasor
domain (more commonly called frequency
domain)

• Moreover, the variables to be handled are

phasors, which are complex numbers

• All the mathematical operations involved are

now in complex domain.

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QUESTIONS ?

12
 NEXT TIME

• Impedance Combination

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