the Information Age

Information – knowledge communicated or acquired concerning a

specific fact or circumstance

Information age – people, Information & Societies that chronicle the

Information birth and growth of electronic information -- from ancient times to
invention of the telegraph in the 1830s, through the development of
Age the telephone, radio, television, and computer

Information technology – is a general term that describes any

technology that help to produce, manipulate, store and
communicate information
 Pre-mechanical Age
(3000 BC – 1450 AD)
• First humans communicated only through speaking and picture
drawings
 About 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia devised
cuneiform
 About 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols.
 The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added
vowels. Communication:
Writing and
Alphabets
Petroglyphs

A drawing or carving
on rock, made by a
member of a
prehistoric people
Discovered in 1965, the
Angono Petroglyphs are
believed to be the oldest
known artworks in the
Philippines. Dating to the
third millennium B.C., they
are a collection of 127
figural carvings engraved
on the wall of a shallow
cave of volcanic tuff.
Cuneiform

Distinguished by its
wedge-shaped marks on
clay tablets, cuneiform
script is the oldest form
of writing in the world,
first appearing even
earlier than hieroglyphics
Phoenician
Alphabet
Simplified writing
made of symbols
that expressed
single syllables and
consonants (the first
true alphabet)
The Greeks later
adopted the
Phoenician
alphabet and
added vowels
 Sumerians' technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in
wet clay. Pre-mechanical
 About 2600 B.C., Egyptians wrote on papyrus Age
 About 100 A.D., Chinese made paper from rags

Input
technologies:
Paper and Pens
The Making of
Papyrus Paper
Rags
a modern paper
making
Ancient Sumerian
Stylus

Egyptian reed pen

 Pre-
 Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept books
 The Egyptians kept scrolls
mechanicalAge
 Around 600 B.C., Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus
vertically into leaves and bind them - CODEX

Storage
Devices: Books
 Egyptian system:
 The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle,
the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus
Pre-mechanical
blossom. Age

Hieroglyphic Numbers
The First
Numbering
 The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were
invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who Systems
created a nine-digit numbering system.
 Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.
 The Abacus
 a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia,
centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic
numeral system. Pre-
 One of the very first information processors mechanical
Age

The First
Calculators
 The first information explosion Mechanical
 Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable metal-type printing
press in 1450
Age (1450 –
 Thousand of copies could be made with a single run 1840)

Printing Press
 A ruler with a sliding central strip, marked with logarithmic
scales and used for making rapid calculations, especially
multiplication and division Mechanical
 Early 1600s, William Oughtred invented slide rule Age

Slide Rules
 Called the arithmetic machine and later became known as
the Pascaline
 Used a series of wheels and cogs to add and subtract numbers

The
Pascaline(1642,
Blaise Pascal)
 Step Reckoner
Mechanical Age

Leibniz's
Calculator(1694,
Gottfried
Leibniz)
 A steam powered adding machine.
Mechanical
 It could calculate numbers and print results.
Age

Difference
Engine (1820,
Charles
Babbage)
The latest working
model of
Babbage’s
Difference Engine
[1989-1991]
 Mechanical Age
 Mechanical calculator that could solve almost any
mathematical problem.

Analytical
Engine (1837,
Charles
Babbage)
Charles Babbage’s
Analytical Engine
[1837-1871—never
completed]
 She speculated that the Engine
'might act upon other things
Augusta Ada besides number... the Engine might
compose elaborate and scientific
Byron pieces of music of any degree of
complexity or extent'. The idea of a
machine that could manipulate
symbols in accordance with rules
and that number could represent
First entities other than quantity mark
the fundamental transition from
programmer calculation to computation.
Telecommunications Electro-mechanical


Voltaic Battery
Telegraph
Age (1840 – 1940)
 Morse Code
 Telephone and Radio

Computing
 Census Machine The Beginnings of
 Mark 1
 Paper Stored
Telecommunication
 Programming and Computing
  Voltaic Battery – first electric battery known as voltaic pile
- invented by Alessandro Volta
The Beginning
of
Telecommuni
cations
Telegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse – conceived of his
version of an Electromagnetic Telegraph
(1832)
Telephone and Radio
Alexander Graham Bell – 1879 -
developed the first working telephone.
Guglielmo Marconi – 1894 –
(RADIO) discovered that electrical waves travel
through space and can produce and effect far from the
point at which it originated.
The Beginnings
of Computing

Herman Hollerith and

his Census Tabulating
Machine (1884)
Tabulating
Census
Machine
The Harvard Mark I
(1944) aka IBM’s
Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(ASCC)
  Howard Aiken realized that one way to reduce human error in
calculations was to reduce human involvement. In 1937 he
proposed an automated calculating machine. IBM and Harvard
Howard Aiken agreed to build it.

 Completed in 1944, Aiken’s “Harvard Mark I” calculator helped

design America’s atomic bomb. More sophisticated Mark II, III, and
IV versions followed.
 The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United
States was the Harvard Mark 1 created by IBM in 1944. This 8
feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about
750,000 parts big computer and had to be programmed using
punch cards.

Mark 1
Rear Admiral Dr. Grace
Murray Hopper

The first computer

bug
Electronic Age
(1940 –
present)

Computation
Becomes
Electronic
Alan Turing
1912-1954  In 1936, Turing published a paper that is now recognized as the
foundation of computer science.
The Turing Machine
Aka The Universal Machine
1936  Turing analysed what it meant for a human to follow a definite
method or procedure to perform a task. For this purpose, he
invented the idea of a ‘Universal Machine’ that could decode and
perform any set of instructions. Ten years later he would turn this
revolutionary idea into a practical plan for an electronic computer,
Founder of capable of running any program
modern
computing
1943
Bletchley Park’s
Colossus

The Enigma
Machine
1939
The Atanasoff-
Berry Computer
(ABC)

The ABC was the first electronic digital computer,

invented by John Vincent Atanasoff
  In 1942, physicist John Mauchly proposed an all-electronic
calculating machine. The U.S. Army, meanwhile, needed to
calculate complex wartime ballistics tables. Proposal met patron.
 The result was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
ENIAC Computer), built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale
computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any
mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike,
ENIAC may have run more calculations than all mankind had done
up to that point.
UNIVAC I &
EDVAC I
 First to use CPU
Universal Automatic  John von Neumann
Computer (UNIVAC I)  mid 1940’s
 1950s
Smaller and faster
Transistor Smaller components needed
Longer life
Less expensive
  Intel 4004
 1st Microprocessor

 Altair 8800 (1975)

Personal  8-bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor
 256 bytes RAM
Computer  DIP switch input & LED output

 Apple II (1977)
 1st true PC