Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Fundamentals
Nema 8LA
Rev 0 01-16-2019
Webinar Outline
Initial basics of Insulation Coordination Studies
Definitions , Types, Parameters, Purposes
Examples of an Insulation Coordination Study
Basic Substation , Complex Substation, Transmission Line
BIL,BSL
The Backflash
Traveling Wave Phenomena
Arrester Fundamentals
Margin of Protection
Ground Flash Density
The Report
Resources for this Webinar
1. Book: “Insulation Coordination of Power
Systems” by Andrew (Bob) Hileman, 1999.
2. AR Hileman Software
3. ATP and ATP Draw, XY Plot
4. IEC 60071-1,2,3,4
5. IEEE C62.82.1 and .2 Formerly 1313.1 and
.2 (Insulation Coordination Standards)
6. IEEE C62.11 Arrester Test Standards
7. IEEE C62.22 Arrester Application Guide
8. IEEE 1410 and 1243 Improving Lightning
Performance of lines
Definition of Insulation Coordination
Simple Definition
Insulation coordination is the selection of the insulation
strength of a system. (Hileman)
Better One
Insulator
Insulation coordination is the process where the
Arrester
insulation characteristics of all components of the
power system are determined, specified and
coordinated to avoid failure due to expected internal
and externally occurring surges. (Hileman)
Types of Insulation Coordination Studies
Transformer Protection
Substation Protection Open Air and GIS
Line Protection
Distribution and Transmission
Breaker Protection
Generator Protection
Determine clearances
Determine Separation Distances
Determine Arrester Energy and Voltage Ratings.
And on and on and on
Types of Insulation Coordination Studies
Deterministic
This is the conventional method where the minimum strength
of the insulation is equal or greater than the maximum surge
stresses.
. Transformer insulation is not
statistical in nature. It has
one lightning withstand
value and one switching
withstand value. Therefore
a deterministic analysis is all
that we can do.
Types of Insulation Coordination Studies
Probabilistic
This type of analysis consists of selecting the insulation level
and clearances based on specific reliability criterion. Since
the insulation strength of air is statistical in nature, we can only
determine its probability of Flashover for a given surge.
Studies of transmission line performance is based on a flashover
rate per year per 100km, and because the flashover
parameter is statistical, resulting levels are probabilistic.
Studies of substation performance is also probabilistic for the
same reason. For this type of study we base the performance
on MTBF (Mean Time Between Flashover). More later on this.
Types of Insulation Coordination Studies
Lightning Surge Studies
This type of study deals strictly with lightning surges and backflash
over surges. Is completed for all system voltage levels.
Switching Surge Studies
This type of study is usually for systems above 240kV since it is this
type of system that can produce switching surges of relevance.
If a lower voltage system has large cap banks, then a switching
study is justified.
Parameters of Importance in Studies
• Purpose of Study • Incoming Surge Steepness
• The Lightning Flash • Backflash Rate (BFR)
• Ground Flash Density • Calculating BFR
• Shield Failure rate if known • Tower Configurations
• Circuit Physical Dimensions
• Types of Insulation
• The Transformer Ratings and
• BIL and CFO Capacitance
• MTBS and MTBF • The Arrester
• Location and Altitude of Study • VI Curve
• Cable and Isophase specs • Selecting the Rating
Purpose of Insulation Coordination Studies
Can be to design proper insulation and arrester location from scratch
Can be to validate chosen insulation levels (Very common)
Can be to determine where to locate arresters
Can be to determine cause of failure of equipment (After an incident)
Can be to determine the Width of a ROW (Switching Study)
Can be to provide assurance that equipment is protected properly
Can be to put in the file for future reference
Can be to fulfill a requirement
Can be to …………. and more……
Examples of Lightning Studies
Station
Arresters
Disconnect
Switch
Breaker CT or CCVT
Power
Transformer
Incoming Surge
Basic Substation Surge at Trans
Lightning Study
Complex Study
Three generators
Underbuilt Circuit
System Fundamentals Relative to Insulation
Coordination
1. Insulation 7. Physical Dimensions
2. Traveling Waves and 8. Ground Flash Density
Reflections, Backflash, 9. OHGW
and Separation Distance
10. Ground Flash Density
3. Tower Grounds and
Station Grounds
4. Corona
5. Steepness of Surges
6. Clearances
Self restoring
External Insulation Insulator
The distance in open air or
across the surfaces of solid
insulation in contact with open
air that is subjected to dielectric
stress and to the effects of the
atmosphere. Examples are
porcelain or polymer shell of a
bushing, support insulators, and Underground Cable
disconnecting switches. with Non-Self Restoring
Insulation
Self-restoring Insulation
Insulation that completely
recovers insulating properties
after a disruptive discharge
(flashover) caused by the
application of a voltage. This is
generally external insulation. Terminator with
Self-restoring
Insulation on outside
and non-self-restoring
on inside
Internal Insulation
The internal solid, liquid, or
gaseous parts of the insulation
Non-Self Restoring of equipment that are
Insulation Self Restoring protected by equipment
Insulation
enclosures from the effects of
the atmosphere. Examples are
transformer insulation, internal
insulation of bushings, internal
parts of breakers and internal
part of any electrical
equipment.
Non-self-restoring Insulation
Insulation that loses insulating
properties or does not recover
completely after a disruptive
discharge caused by the
application of voltage.
Generally internal insulation.
Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation
Level (BIL)
The BIL level is the Dry insulation
withstand strength of insulation
expressed in kV. Is commonly Insulator BIL is directly proportional to the
used to describe substations and strike distance of an insulator
distribution system voltage BIL ≈ 15kV x S(inches)
withstand characteristics.
And is affected by Altitude
Statistical BIL is used for insulators means there is a
10% probability of flashover and is used for self-
restoring insulation
Conventional BIL is used for Transformers and
Cable
is the voltage level where there is a 0% probability
of Flashover and is applied to non selfrestoring
insulation
Note 1: Arresters do not have a BIL rating Note 2: Arresters close to an insulator
since their external insulation is self give the insulator infinite BIL.
protected by the internal MOV disks. In
a sense they have an infinite BIL.
BSL is proportional to the strike
Basic Switching Impulse Insulation distance of an insulator
Level (BSL) BSL= 1080e((0.46 x Strike Distance) + 1)
The BSL level is the switching surge
withstand level of the insulation in
And is affected by Altitude
terms of kV.
BSLs are universally tested under
Wet conditions.
BIL
Basic Impulse Withstand Level
Another form of Lightning BSL
withstand is CFO Basic Switching Impulse
Critical Flashover Voltage
Withstand Level
The Backflash
When the OHGW on a
transmission line is hit by
lightning, a rapid series of
events takes place.
Induced
Induced
CCVTs
Arresters
30 m separation
3 m separation
Note the voltage at the
transformer is higher
than at the arresters. This
is due to traveling wave
reflection
Arresters
Separation Red = Voltage @ Arrester
Distance
Green = Voltage @ Transformer
Arresters
the other half of
Insulation
Coordination
Arrester Definition
• Polymer Housing
• Metal Oxide Varistor
(MOV)
• Conductive Spacer
• Strength Member
(Fiberglass)
• Spring for Compression
• Rubber Seals
• End Vents and
Diaphragms
VI Characteristics of an Arrester or Disk is the essence of the
MOV. The resistance of the MOV disk is a function of the
voltage stress across the terminals.
Example
50kV MCOV
Arrester
Typical Varistor/Arrester
V-I Characteristics
Pre-Breakdown
Region Physicists Terminology High Current Region
|--------------------------------------| |---------------------- Breakdown Region--------------------------------| |---------------------------------------|
LPL
SPL
V10kA or
U10kA V1ma or Reference Voltage
Region
Lightning
TOV Region Impulse
Vref or Uref Switching Region
Rated V or Ur peak 20C
Surge
MCOV or UC (peak) Leakage Current Region Region
Engineering Terminology
200C
Arrester Discharge
Voltage Curve
10kA Lightning
Protective Level
LPL
Switching Surge Protective Level
SPL
MP2= (BIL/LPL)-1
Front of Wave
Voltage IEEE recommends >.15 or 15%
FOW MP3= (BSL/SPL)-1
Arrester Discharge IEEE recommends >.20 or 20%
Voltage Curve
10kA Lightning
Protective Level
LPL
For example,
Lightning Impulse withstand
of Air at STP is a linear
function at 450kV/m
Clearance and Altitude/Elevation
1.000
0.950 Change in
Withstand voltage All external insulation is
affected by altitude.
0.900
Specifically in this case,
Ratio of Altitude to Sea Level
0.850
the clearance between
lines needs to be
0.800
increased to attain the
'δ=e-A/26710 same withstand voltage
0.750 at sea level.
0.700
0.650
0.600
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Elevation in Feet
Physical Dimensions
Insulation Coordination of Power Systems
by Andrew Hileman
Elongated Substation 6000ft 2000 ft 2000 ft
AFram Eb Ej Et 230/13.8
L_Imp NC
V V V V BCT
V LCC
Y
I
L_imp 3m
2 m 200 m 20 m
Backflash
H
Flashover of 2m
At
C-Phase close
6000 ft out to substation
LineA Ea
V
Sourc
LCC
V
NC
I
R(i)
R(i)
R(i)
R(i)
Line Entrance
R(i)
R(i)
Transformer
Arrester
30 0m Arrester
25 meters
230kV
At Surges travel at ~980ft per µs on
2uh 2 meters
1. Definitions
2. Examples of Studies
3. Insulation Fundamentals
4. Backflash Concept
5. Traveling Wave Concept
6. Arrester Fundamentals
7. Clearances and Physical Dimensions
8. Lighting Ground Flash Densities
9. The Report