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Epidemiologie Etiologie
Epidemiologie Etiologie
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ONCOLOGIA: studiul tumorilor in general
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BOALA CANCEROASA: CARACTERISTICI COMUNE
- tipuri:
- Experimentala: se administreaza un regim experimental, RANDOMIZAT
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EPIDEMIOLOGIA CANCERULUI: studiul distributiei localizarilor
tumorale si a identificarii factorilor implicati in producerea si aparitia
bolii
1. Incidenta
2. Mortalitate
3. Prevalenta
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1. INCIDENTA
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3. PREVALENTA
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4. ANII POTENTIALI DE VIATA PIERDUTI
1. Accidente
2. Cancer
3. Boli cardiovasculare
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VARIATII GEOGRAFICE SI TEMPORALE
•STUDII ECOLOGICE:
•STUDII DE COHORTA:
Stomac – 700.000
Plaman – 600.000
ORL – 350.000
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Estimated Number of Prevalent Cases for Selected Cancer Types, by
Sex, United States, 2000
Male Female Total
Cancer Type No. % No. % No. %
All sites 4,241,699 100 5,313,613 100 9,555,312 100
Breast 2,197,504 41.4 2,197,504 23.0
Cervix 231,064 4.3 231,064 2.4
Colon and 499,018 11.8 542,481 10.2 1,041,499 10.9
rectum
Esophagus 16,038 0.4 5,490 0.1 21,528 0.2
Leukemia 99,956 2.4 78,450 1.5 178,406 1.9
Lung and 174,547 4.1 167,910 3.2 342,457 3.6
bronchus
Melanoma 267,432 6.3 283,428 5.3 550,860 5.8
Pancreas 11,364 0.3 12,170 0.2 23,534 0.2
Prostate 1,637,208 38.6
Thyroid 65,022 1.5 227,533 4.3 292,555 3.1 14
• Frecventa de aparitie a cancerului:
• Incidenta
• mortalitate
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• Frecventa de aparitie a cancerului:
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• Frecventa de aparitie a cancerului:
Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers over Selected Age Intervals, by Sex, 1998 to 2000a
Cancer Type Sex Birth to 39 Y (%) 40–59 Y (%) 60–79 Y (%) Birth to Death (%)
Bladderc Male 0.02 (1 in 4603) 0.40 (1 in 250) 2.36 (1 in 42) 3.46 (1 in 29)
Colon and rectum Male 0.06 (1 in 1678) 0.86 (1 in 116) 3.94 (1 in 25) 5.88 (1 in 17)
Leukemia Male 0.15 (1 in 649) 0.20 (1 in 495) 0.82 (1 in 122) 1.45 (1 in 70)
Lung and bronchus Male 0.03 (1 in 3439) 1.02 (1 in 98) 5.80 (1 in 17) 7.69 (1 in 13)
Melanoma of the skin Male 0.12 (1 in 809) 0.49 (1 in 205) 0.97 (1 in 103) 1.81 (1 in 55)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Male 0.14 (1 in 739) 0.45 (1 in 224) 1.27 (1 in 79) 2.10 (1 in 48)
Uterine cervix Female 0.16 (1 in 632) 0.31 (1 in 322) 0.27 (1 in 368) 0.78 (1 in 128)
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Uterine corpus Female 0.05 (1 in 1832) 0.69 (1 in 144) 1.57 (1 in 64) 2.60 (1 in 38)
CORELATII CU FACTORI DE MEDIU SI MOD DE VIATA
- VHB
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Age-Standardized Incidence and Death Ratesa for Selected Cancer Sites by Race and Ethnicity, United States, 1996 to 2000
Incidence
All sites
Stomach
Liver
Mortality
All sites
Country Male Female Male Female Male Female Female Cervix Uteri Prostate
United States 53.2 27.2 15.9 12.0 4.5 2.3 21.2 3.3 17.9
Chile 20.3 7.0 7.0 7.1 30.1 12.7 12.7 10.6 19.9
China 33.2 13.5 7.2 5.3 27.0 13.0 4.5 3.1 1.0
Czech Republic 65.3 11.5 34.2 18.5 13.5 7.5 21.0 6.2 15.7
Denmark 50.0 26.7 23.8 18.5 7.5 3.6 29.2 4.1 23.1
France 48.5 6.7 18.3 12.1 8.0 3.6 21.4 3.5 19.2
Germany 46.2 9.6 21.7 17.0 12.9 7.8 23.7 4.2 18.4
Hungary 86.2 20.0 33.5 20.9 21.0 10.1 25.3 7.7 17.9
Israel 27.5 9.3 19.7 15.3 9.3 5.6 26.2 3.1 14.2
Japan 33.1 9.6 17.6 11.0 31.2 13.8 7.7 3.0 5.5
Mexico 22.1 8.2 4.7 4.6 13.2 9.8 12.2 17.1 16.6
Norway 31.7 12.8 22.0 18.0 9.6 5.5 20.7 3.3 26.8
Russian Federation 68.2 6.8 17.5 12.7 35.6 15.2 16.7 5.2 6.8
Spain 49.4 4.2 17.3 11.1 12.6 6.2 18.1 2.7 15.0
United Kingdom 48.6 21.1 18.7 13.8 10.1 4.8 26.8 3.9 18.5
Venezuela 19.4 9.2 5.8 6.1 17.5 10.0 11.6 15.2 18.2
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FENOMENUL ONCOLOGIC IN ROMANIA
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FENOMENUL ONCOLOGIC IN ROMANIA
Mortalitate/localizari:
•Plaman (8800)
•Stomac (4200)
•Colon+rect (3600)
•San (2800)
•ORL (2100)
•Col uterin (1900)
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FENOMENUL ONCOLOGIC IN ROMANIA
Mortalitate/sexe:
Barbati:
1. Plaman
2. Cc. digestive = colon, rect
3. Stomac
4. Genitourinar
5. ORL
6. Boli sistem
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FENOMENUL ONCOLOGIC IN ROMANIA
Mortalitate/sexe:
Femei:
1. San
2. Col uterin
3. Stomac
4. Digestive = colon, rect
5. Plaman
6. Corp uterin
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FENOMENUL ONCOLOGIC IN ROMANIA
Mortalitate/ varsta:
2 perioade:
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TENDINTELE FENOMENULUI ONCOLOGIC
CAUZE:
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CRESTEREA PREVALENTEI CANCERULUI
1. CAUZE DEMOGRAFICE
2. FACTORI DE RISC
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CRESTEREA PREVALENTEI CANCERULUI
F: creste cc mamar, cc BP
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ETIOLOGIA CANCERELOR
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EPIDEMIOLOGIA ANALITICA: cautarea legaturilor
cauza-efect intre un factor etiologic suspectat si cancerul
incriminat
•Studii retrospective
•Studii prospective
RR = raportul dintre
si
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FACTORI EXOGENI
1. AGENTI FIZICI
2. AGENTI CHIMICI
3. AGENTI BIOLOGICI
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FACTORI EXOGENI
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FACTORI EXOGENI
1. Agenti fizici
a. Radiatii ionizante 3%
-doza de iradiere
c. Microtraumatismele
mecanic
chimic
d. Corpi straini
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2. Agenti chimici
a. Tutunul.
bronhopulmonar Renal
Laringe Ficat
Pancreas
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b. Alcoolul.
Orofaringe Rect
Hipofaringe Laringe
Ficat
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RR al cancerului mamar in functie de consumul de alcool:
Nebautoare 1,0
Moderat 1,27
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c. Alimentatia.
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c. Alimentatia.
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Mecanismele prin care alimentatia este implicata in cancerogeneza:
Cancerele profesionale: 6%
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e. Substante chimice diverse.
f. Poluarea. ???
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3. Agenti biologici .
Virusuri:
a) oncodnavirusuri
-hepadna (HBV)
-papiloma
-herpes (EB)
b) retrovirusuri
-tip B
-HTLV I-III/HIV limfoame, sarcoame
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•VIRUSURI HEPATICE : VHB, VHC – PROTEINA X
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Human Papillomavirus-16 Gene Functions
Open Function
Reading
Frame
L1 L1 protein, major capsid protein
1. Factori genetici.
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Sindroame de cancere ereditare:
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3.Factori endocrini.
Factori de risc/protectie in cancerele hormonodependente.
Tip cancer Factori risc Factori
protectie
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