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10 - 1
Work of a Force
dU F dr = work of the force F corresponding to
the displacement dr
dU F ds cos
0, dU F ds , dU F ds 2 , dU 0
dU Wdy
10 - 2
Work of a Force
Forces which do no work:
• reaction at a frictionless pin due to rotation of a body
around the pin
• reaction at a frictionless surface due to motion of a
body along the surface
• weight of a body with cg moving horizontally
• friction force on a wheel moving without slipping
10 - 3
Work of a Couple
W F dr1 F dr1 dr2
F dr2 F ds2 F rd
M d
10 - 4
Principle of Virtual Work
• Imagine the small virtual displacement of particle which
is acted upon by several forces.
• The corresponding virtual work,
U F1 r F2 r F3 r F1 F2 F3 r
R r
x B 2l sin yC l cos
x B 2l cos yC l sin
0 2Ql cos Pl sin
Q 12 P tan
output work
input work
2Ql cos
• For an ideal machine without friction, the Pl sin
output work is equal to the input work. 1 cot
• When the effect of friction is
considered, the output work is reduced.
U Qx B PyC Fx B 0
0 2Ql cos Pl sin Pl cos
Q 12 Ptan
10 - 7
Sample Problem 1
Determine the magnitude of the couple M required to
maintain the equilibrium of the mechanism.
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of virtual work
U 0 U M U P
0 M PxD
xD 3l cos
xD 3l sin
M 3Pl sin
10 - 8
Sample Problem 2
Determine the expressions for and for the tension in the
spring which correspond to the equilibrium position of the
spring. The unstretched length of the spring is h and the
constant of the spring is k. Neglect the weight of the
mechanism.
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of virtual work
U U B U F 0
0 PyB FyC
yB l sin yC 2l sin F ks
yB l cos yC 2l cos k yC h
k 2l sin h
0 Pl cos k 2l sin h 2l cos
P 2kh
sin
4kl
F 12 P
10 - 9
Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
• Create a free-body diagram for the platform
and linkage.
0 12 W 2a cos FDH
aL sin
s
s
FDH W cot FDH 5.15 kN
L
10 - 11
Work of a Force During a Finite Displacement
• Work of a force corresponding to an
infinitesimal displacement,
dU F dr
F ds cos
10 - 12
Work of a Force During a Finite Displacement
13 - 14
Potential Energy
• Work of a weight
U12 Wy1 Wy 2
The work is independent of path and depends only on
Wy Vg potential energy of the body with
respect to the force of gravity W
1 Vg 2
U12 V g
• Work of a spring,
U12 12 kx12 12 kx22
Ve 1 Ve 2
Ve potential energy of the bodywith
respect to the elastic force F
10 - 15
Potential Energy
• When the differential work of a force is given by an
exact differential,
dU dV
U12 V1 V2
negative of change in potential energy
10 - 16
Potential Energy and Equilibrium
• When the potential energy of a system is known,
the principle of virtual work becomes
dV
U 0 V
d
dV
0
d
dV
0
d
10 - 19
Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• Derive an expression for the total potential energy of the
system.
V Ve Vg
12 ks 2 mgy
12 k a 2 mg b cos
sin
ka2
4 kN m 0.08m 2
mgb
10kg 9.81m s 0.3m
2
0.8699
dV 0
0 ka2 mgb sin
d
0.902 rad 51.7
d 2V
ka2 mgb cos
d 2
4 kN m 0.08m 2 10kg 9.81m s 2 0.3m cos
25.6 29.43 cos
d 2V
at = 0: 3.83 0 unstable
d 2
d 2V
at = 51.7o: 7.36 0 stable
d 2
10 - 21