DIVERSITY OF MATERIALS IN

THE ENVIRONMENT
• PURE SUBSTANCES - components are
made up of only one kind
• MIXTURES - made up of more than one
kind of material
– SOLUTIONS - mixtures that look like pure
substances
SOLUTIONS

• a mixture of two or more substances

• components are well mixed that we cannot
identify them in the mixture
• the amount of the components may vary
but they are same kind of solution
EXAMPLE: given two solutions of powdered
orange juices, one may be flavorful than the
other because it has more powdered juice
SOLUTES AND SOLVENTS

• SOLUTE - component being dissolved in

the solution
• SOLVENT - component that dissolves the
solute
EXAMPLE:
What are the solute and solvent in a sugar
solution?
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Classifying solutions as to the amount of

solute to the maximum capability of the
solvent to dissolve the solute
• UNSATURATED SOLUTION
• SATURATED SOLUTION
• SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
UNSATURATED SOLUTION

• the amount of solute is less than the

maximum amount of solute a certain
solvent can dissolve
“amount of solute < maximum amount of
solvent can dissolve”
SATURATED SOLUTION

• the amount of solute equal to the

maximum amount of solute that solvent
can dissolve
“amount of solute = maximum amount of
solvent can dissolve”
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION

• solution whose solute is more than what a

solvent can dissolve
“amount of solute > maximum amount of
solvent can dissolve”
SOLUBILITY VERSUS MISCIBILITY

• not all substances can dissolve in water

• SOLUBLE substances - those that easily
dissolve in water
• INSOLUBLE substances - those that do
not dissolve in water
• SOLUBILITY - the maximum number of
grams of solute that can be completely
dissolved in 100ml of solvent at a fixed
temperature.
SOLUBILITY VERSUS MISCIBILITY

• for liquid-liquid solution, if they can be

completely mixed, we call them MISCIBLE
COMPUTING SOLUBILITY

Solubility = Amount of solute in grams x 100

Amount of solvent in mL
Example: The maximum amount of salt that
can be dissolved in 500 mL of water is 175
g. Its solubility in water can be expressed in
grams of solute/100 mL.
To Compute:
Solubility = 175 g salt/ 500 mL water x 100
Solubility = 35 g salt/ 100 mL water
COMPUTING SOLUBILITY

Maximum Amount of
Amount of Solvent in Solubility grams
Solute That can be
mL solute/100 mL solvent
Dissolved in Grams
15 150
1 20
10 50
2 25
1 10
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
– temperature of solution
– nature of solute
– nature of solvent
• the solubility of a solid increases as the
temperature increases
• the solubility of gas in liquid decreases
with temperature increase
WATER

• WATER - universal solvent, can dissolve

many substances
– can dissolve solids, liquids, gases
• does not dissolve oil because they have
different characteristics
– (hydrocarbons) wax, oil, kerosene, gasoline
• “Like dissolves like” - a solvent can
dissolve solutes which have similarties to
itself
SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

• MATTER - anything around us

Example:
• AIR - we breathe, though we cannot see it,
it has mass
• We cannot put two books on exactly the
same exact area on a table at the same
time - one book occupies the space at the
same moment
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

• MATTER - has mass and occupies space

– MIXTURE - has different composition
• Homogeneous Mixture
• Heterogeneous Mixture
– SUBSTANCE - has definite composition
• ELEMENT - made up of only one kind of atoms
– METAL, METALLOID, NONMETAL
• COMPOUND - made up of two or more kinds of
atoms
– ACID, BASE, SALT
PURE SUBSTANCES

• can be elements or compounds

• particles are the same all throughout
• has chemical and physical properties
unique to itself
• have definite composition
EXAMPLE:
Pure water - contains 2 hydrogen atoms
chemically combined with 1 oxygen atom (H₂O)
MIXTURES

• combinations of two or more pure

substances
EXAMPLES:
BUTTER - a homogeneous mixture of milk fat,
salt, water
PIZZA - heterogeneous mixture of meat,
vegetables, flour, and different kinds of cheese
RUBBING ALCOHOL - mixture of isopropyl
alcohol and water
KINDS OF MIXTURES

• HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES - when we

cannot distinguish one component from
the other (components are well mixed)
SOLUTION - a mixture that exist only in one
state of matter
• HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES -
components are not well mixed, even if
they are mixed, we can still identify them
they can be separated physically
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

• MECHANICAL or MANUAL SEPARATION

• FILTRATION
• DECANTATION
• EVAPORATION TO DRYNESS
• using a SEPARATING FUNNEL
• DISSOLUTION
• DISTILLATION
MANUAL or MECHANICAL

• using hands, forceps, sieves, magnets, or

tongs to separate a solid from another
solid
EXAMPLE: iron filings are separated from
sulfur powder using magnets
FILTRATION

• used to separate small, insoluble solid

particles dispersed or suspended in a
liquid medium
• RESIDUES - solid particles that are
retained in the filter or seive
• FILTRATE - liquid that pass through the
filter
DECANTATION

• method used to separate a dense and

insoluble solid from a liquid
EXAMPLE: when you wash rice, you slowly
tilt the container so that the water will spill
over slowly, leaving the rice grains in the
container
EVAPORATION TO DRYNESS

• heating the solution until all the water or

liquid evaporates leaving the solid behind
EXAMPLE: salt farmers in Pangasinan
obtains salt from seawater through
evaporation to dryness
USING A SEPARATING FUNNEL

• used to separate immiscible liquids and

water
EXAMPLE: By putting the two liquids in a
funnel, place a beaker under the funnel and
then open the tap. This allows the lower
layer to drain to the beaker
DISSOLUTION

• method used to separate an insoluble

solid from a soluble liquid using a liquid
solvent
EXAMPLE: you spill a cup of sugar in your
rice container, you can separate the sugar
by simply washing the rice (sugar dissolves
in water)
DISTILLATION

• separation of a liquid solvent from a

solution
• involves heating the solution until it boils
and then condensing the vapor back to
liquid form in a separate container
EXAMPLE: pure water can be distilled from
a salt solution using distillation
• DISTILLATE - extracted liquid from
distillation