In daily life, we

make tentative
explanation of
facts about a
particular
phenomenon
by formulating
hypothesis.
 HYPOTHESIS

CORRECT INCORRECT

Available evidence that we can gather to support our

HYPOTHESIS TESTING hypothesis

INFORMATION
VALIDATION
Sample AND OF
EVIDENCES HYPOTHESIS

DECISION
 STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
An assertion, statement, or conjecture about one or
more unknown parameters or the distributional
properties of the population under investigation

STATISTICAL TEST
TRUE FALSE

HYPOTHESIS

ACCEPT REJECT
 TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

NULL ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
Denoted by H0, is the Denoted by Ha, (H1), is a
statement being tested. It contrasting statement
is either a statement of believed to be true whenever
equality, no difference, no the null hypothesis is rejected.
change, no relationship, or
It is the opposite or negation
no effect.
of the null hypothesis. It is a
statement that there exists a
difference between a
parameter and a specific
value.
 EXAMPLES
CLAIM: The average monthly income of Filipino families
who belong to low income bracket is Php 8000.
H0: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong
to low income bracket is Php 8000. (μ= 8000)

Ha: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong

to low income bracket is Php 8000. (μ≠ 8000)

CLAIM: The average number of hours that it takes a ten

year old child to learn a certain task in a specific
subject is no more than 0.52 hour.
H0: The average number of hours … specific subject is no more than
0.52 hour. (μ≤ 0.52).

Ha: The average number of hours … specific subject is more than

0.52 hour. (μ> 0.52).
 EXAMPLES
CLAIM: There is no difference between the average life
spans of light bulbs manufactured by companies A
and B.
H0: The average life spans of light bulbs manufactured by companies A
and B are the same, that is,μA= μB.

Ha: The average life spans of light bulbs manufactured by companies A

and B are different, that is,μA≠ μB.

CLAIM: The average weight loss for a sample of people

who exercise 30 min per day for 6 weeks is no less
than 3.7 kg.
H0: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 min
per day for 6 weeks is greater than or equal to 3.7, than is,μ≥ 3.7 kg.

Ha: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 min
per day for 6 weeks is less than 3.7, than is,μ< 3.7 kg.
 TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
NON - DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL

Is a statement of non- Is an assertion that one

equality or difference or measure is less than or
change. It utilizes the greater than another
mathematical symbol ≠. measure of similar nature.
 EXAMPLES
From the previous examples, determine if the alternative
hypothesis is non – directional or directional.
Ha: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong
to low income bracket is Php 8000. (μ≠ 8000)
NON - DIRECTIONAL
Ha: The average number of hours … specific subject is more than
0.52 hour. (μ> 0.52).

DIRECTIONAL
Ha: The average life spans of light bulbs manufactured by companies A
and B are different, that is,μA≠ μB.

NON - DIRECTIONAL
Ha: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 min
per day for 6 weeks is less than 3.7, than is,μ< 3.7 kg.

DIRECTIONAL
 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Is a statistical tool use to decide whether or not
to reject a statistical hypothesis

TYPES OF TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

One – Tailed Test Two – Tailed Test

Use to test a null hypothesis Use to test a null hypothesis

against a directional against a non-directional
alternative hypothesis alternative hypothesis
 EXAMPLES
From the previous examples, determine if the test will be
one – tailed or two - tailed.
Ha: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong
to low income bracket is Php 8000. (μ≠ 8000)
TWO – TAILED
 EXAMPLES
From the previous examples, determine if the test will be
one – tailed or two - tailed.
Ha: The average number of hours … specific subject is more than
0.52 hour. (μ> 0.52).

ONE – TAILED
 EXAMPLES
From the previous examples, determine if the test will be
one – tailed or two - tailed.
Ha: The average life spans of light bulbs manufactured by companies A
and B are different, that is,μA≠ μB.

TWO - TAILED
 EXAMPLES
From the previous examples, determine if the test will be
one – tailed or two - tailed.
Ha: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 min
per day for 6 weeks is less than 3.7, than is,μ< 3.7 kg.

ONE – TAILED
 TYPES OF ERROR
TYPE I ERROR TYPE II ERROR
Occurs when we reject the Occurs when we accept the
null hypothesis when it is true. null hypothesis when it is
It is also called α error. false. It is also called βerror.

DECISION ABOUT H0
REJECT ACCEPT

R
E H0 IS TRUE TYPE I ERROR CORRECT
A DECISION
L
I
H0 IS FALSE CORRECT TYPE II ERROR
T
DECISION
Y
 EXAMPLES
Formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses.
Identify the situations when Type I and Type II errors are
committed and state their possible consequences.

1. In the Philippine judicial system, a defendant is

pressumed innocent until proven guilty.

2. A jar of peanut is labeled as containing 32 oz. A

consumer group feels that the manufacturer of
the peanut butter is short – charging its
consumers by under filling the jars.
 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
The probability of committing Type I error.
Denoted by the Greek letter α.
The value of α tells us the probability of making an
error in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually
true.
The choice for the value of the significance level is
determined by the researcher.
This depends on the risk or degree of confidence the
researcher is willing to take in committing Type I error.
The commonly used levels of significance are 0.05 and
0.01
 MEASURES IN DECISION MAKING

Decision Rule
Conditions that would lead to either the rejection or the
non-rejection of H0

NOTE!!!
The decision to reject the null hypothesis or not is based
on the information provided by the sample.

This information can be in the form of a test statistic of a

p – value , which both measure the agreement between
the sample data and the null hypothesis.
MEASURES IN DECISION MAKING

TEST STATISTIC P - VALUE

A numerical Also known as

characteristic significance probability,
computed from the is the actual probability
sample data that is of rejecting a true H0
sensitive to the based on the evidence
difference between H0 provided by the sample.
and Ha
TEST STATISTIC

TWO – TAILED TEST

TEST STATISTIC

ONE – TAILED TEST

TEST STATISTIC

ONE – TAILED TEST

 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1: Describe the population parameter

of interest.

MEAN VS PROPORTION

STEP 2: Formulate the hypotheses: the null

hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 3: Check the assumptions

Assumption 1: Is the sample size large enough to
apply the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

Assumption 2: Do small samples come from normally

distributed populations?

Assumption 3: Are samples selected randomly?

 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEP 4: Choose a significance level size for
α. Make α small when the consequence of
rejecting a true H0 is severe.

Is the test two – tailed or one tailed?

Get the critical values from the test statistic table.

Establish the critical regions.

Draw a normal curve, draw vertical lines through the

critical values, and shade the rejection region.
 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEP 5: Select the appropriate test statistic
Population Population Mean: Population Mean:
Mean: σ is σ is unknown, σ is unknown,
known, n is n ≥ 30, n is from a n < 30, n is from a
from a normal nonnormal normal
population population population
df = n – 1

x-m x-m x-m

Z = Z = t=
s s s
n n n
 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEP 5: Select the appropriate test statistic
Population Proportion: Sufficciently large n

p̂ - p0
Z =
p0 q0
n
 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEP 6: State the decision rule for rejecting
or not rejecting the null hypothesis.

For a two – tailed test

Reject H0 if the computed z ≤ - zα/2 or z ≥ zα/2

For a one – tailed test

Reject H0 if the computed z ≤ - zα or z ≥ zα

 STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEP 7: Compare the computed test
statistic and the critical value. Then, based
on the decision rule, decide whether to
reject or not to reject H0. Interpret the
result.
 EXAMPLES
1. A researcher used a developed problem solving test to
randomly select 50 grade 6 pupils. In this sample, the
mean is 80 and standard deviation is 10. The mean and
standard deviation of the population of the population used
in the standardization of the test were 75 and 15,
respectively. Use the 95% confidence level to answer the
following:
a. Does the sample mean differ significantly from the
population mean?
b. Can it be said that the sample is above average
 EXAMPLES
2. The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit
juice claims that the average capacity of their product is
250 ml. To test the claim, a consumer group gets a sample
of 100 such bottles, calculates the capacity of each bottle,
and finds the mean capacity to be 248 ml. The standard
deviation s is 5 ml. Is the claim true? Conduct a hypothesis
test using α= 0.05.
 EXAMPLES
3. Are the typhoons entering the country becoming
increasingly stronger? Records of PAGASA show that from
1947 – 1960, the strongest typhoons to hit the Philippines
had an average highest recorded wind speed of 240
kilometers per hour. A random sample of the 17 strongest
typhoons to hit the country after 1960 reported an average
highest recorded wind speed of 239 kph with a standard
deviation of 28 kph. Assume that the highest recorded
wind speeds follow the normal distribution. At 5% level of
significance, what can you conclude about the average
highest recorded wind speed of the strongest typhoons
entering the country after 1960?
 EXAMPLES
4. A travel agent claims that overseas Filipinos comprise
less than one out of ten tourist in the country. To verify the
claim, a random sample of 600 tourist who have visited the
beaches of Boracay was selected. Interviews conducted
showed that 30 of them were overseas Filipinos. Does the
data support the travel agent’s claim that overseas Filipinos
comprise less than one out ten tourists? Use a 5% level of
significance.