Updated Religion Assignment

Jennifer Eazell
University of La Verne
ASCL 530 A
Table of Contents
 Introduction
 Chapter 1- Jehovah’s Witness
 Chapter 2- Scientology
 Chapter 3- Sikhism
 Chapter 4- Judaism (Reformed, Conservative, Orthodox)
 Chapter 5- Buddhism
 Chapter 6- Catholicism
 Chapter 7- Islam (Muslim)
 Chapter 8- Agnostic
 Chapter 9- Voodoo & Syncretization
Table of Contents (Cont’d):
 Chapter 10- Mormonism (LDS)
 Chapter 11- Southern Baptist
 Chapter 12- Wiccan
 Chapter 13- Seventh Day Adventist (SDA)
 Chapter 14- Animism
 Chapter 15- Unitarian Universalist
 Chapter 16- Lutheran
 Chapter 17- Amish
 Chapter 18- Native American Beliefs
 Note: References and Child Life Considerations provided

at the end of each chapter.
Introduction:
The following detailed research slides on 18 different religions can
serve as a valuable resource for Child Life Specialists. Through the
newfound knowledge that this research provides on diverse religious
beliefs, a CLS can remain aware of how different religions relate to
difficult topics such as abortion, homosexuality, and other potentially
stress inducing situations in the hospital setting. Also, this book can serve
as a guide for demonstrating culture diversity and awareness in all the
interactions of a CLS. Through the knowledge of diverse religious beliefs,
a CLS can better support a family and their individual needs whilst also
providing neutrality, equal, and inclusive care.
Chapter 1- Jehovah’s Witness
Main Principles:
 Jehovah’s Witness believe in the Christian Bible as the word
of God and seek to live by the laws and principles within it
 Jehovah’s Witnesses do not believe that Jesus Christ is equal

with God, the Father
 They do not believe in the Holy Trinity
 Strong belief in the Armageddon- the holy war between

Christ and Satan, which is believed that the world will be
destroyed
Deities/ Spiritual Leaders:
 Deities: God (The Father), Jesus (not equal to
God)
 Spiritual Leaders: Elders, Ministerial Servants,

Watchtower Society (governing body)
Practices/Rules of Faith:
 Do not accept blood transfusions-
 They believe that taking blood into one’s body is morally
wrong
 Share in the ideal that one must “love your neighbor as you
love yourself ”
 Believe in unselfish love and peace in all actions. They do not
believe in wars.
 Physically and mentally cleanliness are key goals; thus they
believe in modesty in appearance
 They think that believers will be the only ones who are saved
to eternal life as long as they follow God’s rules laid out in the
Bible
Thoughts on Challenging
Topics:
 Sexual Orientation and Same-sex Marriage-
 Strongly Against
 Seen as Sinful. Those with homosexual inclinations must
abstain from all homosexual behavior.
 Believe that marriage is between one man and one woman
 Transgender rights-
 Jehovah’s Witnesses view a transgender as a homosexual,
therefore, they see it as Sinful. Those with homosexual
inclinations must abstain from all homosexual behavior
Challenging Topics cont’d:
 Abortion-
 They are strongly opposed as they view killing an unborn

child as murder
 Divorce-
 They are strongly opposed to divorce, as the Bible states

the guidelines on this; however, infidelity can lead to a
justifiable means of divorce.
Birth and Death Rituals:
 Birth:
 There are no specific birth or death rituals.
 Members of the church may wish to visit patient and families
 Death:
 There are no specific birth or death rituals.
 When people die, the pass out of existence. They do not suffer
from a torment. God will bring back people from the dead
through a resurrection
 Patients who are dying appreciate visits from the elders
 A quiet place for prayer with the family would be helpful for
grieving families
Governing Documents:
 The Holy Bible
 Recognize the Bible as God’s message to

humans
Faith Religion Center & Worshiping
Practices/ Healing Practices:
 Faith Religion Center: Kingdom Halls
 Healing/Worshipping Practices: Prayer to God reading

and studying the Bible, Baptism, living a pure life
according to God’s will
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 The only holiday celebrated is the death of Jesus Christ
 Jehovah’s Witness do not celebrate Easter or Christmas
 Also, birthdays are not celebrated either

Key Considerations for CLS:
 It is always best to ask the patient and family what they want to tell
others in regards to keeping their privacy
 Include the family in decision-making as much as possible, according
to the wishes of the patient.
 Remember to ask if someone from his or her Kingdom Hall
community should be called.
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Jehovah’s Witness beliefs
 Be aware that blood transfusions are strongly against religion so be
sure to talk to patient and accommodate for that..
 Respect and accommodate potential ideals of cleanliness and purity
Chapter 1- References:
https://www.westernschools.com/Portals/0/html/H8516/pudjeG_files/OEBPS/Text/H8516_ebooks-22.html
http://www.vnfw.org/sites/default/files/diversity/Faith/healthcare_religious_beliefs.pdf
Hollins, S. (2009). Religions, culture, and healthcare: A practical handbook for use in healthcare environments (2nd ed.). Oxford:
Radcliffe Publishing.
http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality
https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/abortion-bible-view/
Deem, R. (n.d.). Jehovah's Witnesses Beliefs Compared to Christianityby Rich Deem. Retrieved May 17, 2016, from
http://www.godandscience.org/cults/jwdiff.html
Jehovah's Witnesses Ethics - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 17, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs-witnesses/ethics
Jehovah's Witnesses Practices. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 17, 2016, from http://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs-
witnesses/practices
Jehovah's Witnesses-Official Website: Jw.org. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2016, from https://www.jw.org/en/
Slick, M. (n.d.). Jehovah's Witnesses' History. Retrieved May 17, 2016, from https://carm.org/jehovahs-witnesses-history
What Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe? (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-
witnesses/faq/jehovah-witness-beliefs/
Chapter 2- Scientology
Main Principles:
 Scientologist believe in accomplishing the goal of every
great religion was a result of freeing the soul by wisdom
 It bring the human mind and spirit together in answering
the mysteries of existence, death, and different states of
mind
 Focuses on the psychological techniques in order to
make their lives better
 Belief that a man’s spiritual salvation depends upon
himself, and his goal in being one with the universe
 Deities: God (however, there are no doctrines or details
about God rather maintains a more general or spiritual
ideology as opposed a focus on a literal idol), Xenu
(galactic ruler who brought people to Earth)
 Spiritual Leaders: Auditors (ordained ministers),

 Focuses on the psychological techniques in order to
make their lives better
 The primary goal of the religion is to reach full spiritual

enlightenment and freedom
 No restrictions in diet
 Auditing- when an individuals goes through different

levels of Scientology until they reach a “clear” state of
mind
Topics:
 Same-sex relationships and same-sex marriage-
 Neutral to opposed stance.
 While no official stance on same-sex relations has been made, recent studies suggest,
that The Church of Scientology no longer holds the strong prejudice against
homosexuality as it had before. In Hubbard’s latest works (1964) it suggests a neutrality
towards homosexual relationships by refraining from using specific gender terms. In
the past however, Scientology was known for trying to use various methods to “treat”
homosexuality as if it was a psychological disorder.
 Transgender rights-
 Most are likely against transgender rights and beliefs
 No official stance addresses transgender but given the history with
homosexuality and their disapproval, it is likely that their thoughts on
transgender are the same.
 Abortion-
 Pro-choice
 According to the Church of Scientology, Scientology does not

mandate a position on these subjects. They are an individual’s personal
choice and Scientology parishioners are totally free to decide
for themselves
 Divorce-
 Individual choice
 There is no specific doctrine on Marriage and Divorce. This is

something that is left mostly up to the individual
 Birth:
 No specific birth rituals present in faith
 Death:
 No official shared belief on the afterlife
 End of Life- a person recalls past memories of past lives which
leads to the idea that the individual is being born again in a new
body
 No official holy governing documents
 The Creed from Hubbard’s writings- main text used

 Faith Religion Center: The Church of

Scientology
 Healing/Worshipping Practices: Auditing,

spiritual reflection, reading of the Creed,
meeting with fellow Scientologists
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 L. Ron Hubbard’s Birthday (March 9)
 Auditor’s day- honoring all auditors (Second

Sunday in September
 It is always best to ask the patient and family what they want to
tell others in regards to keeping their privacy
 Use honesty about future medical treatments and include the

family in decision-making as much as possible, according to
the wishes of the patient.
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Scientology beliefs
 Respect and accommodate potential ideals of Audits at end of

life and periodically
https://www.westernschools.com/Portals/0/html/H8516/pudjeG_files/OEBPS/Text/H8516_ebooks-
22.html
Hollins, S. (2009). Religions, culture, and healthcare: A practical handbook for use in healthcare environments
(2nd ed.). Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.
Scientology Beliefs - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 20, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/beliefs
Scientology Ethics - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 20, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/ethics
Scientology Texts - ReligionFacts. (2015, August 25). Retrieved May 20, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/texts
What Is Scientology? Official Church of Scientology. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2016, from
http://www.scientology.org/
Whiteford, J. (n.d.). Scientology's Celebrations and Festivals. Retrieved May 20, 2016, from
http://jamesscientology.weebly.com/scientologys-celebrations-and-festivals.html
http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_scie.htm
http://www.scientology.org/faq/scientology-attitudes-and-practices/scientology-position-on-birth-
control-and-abortion.html
Chapter 3- Sikhism
Main Principles:
 Sikhism believes in the devotion and remembrance of
God at all times, truthful living, equality of mankind,
and rejects superstitions
 Teachings come from the 10 Gurus that reside in the

Sikh Holy Book and from their living Guru (Sri Guru
Granth Sahib )
 Believe that individuals should work for the common

good of human-kind
 Deities: Only one God (the Creator, Sustainer,
and Destroyer)
 Spiritual Leaders: Guru Nanak Dev (first of 10

Gurus), Sikh Priest (granthi)
 Practice meditation which includes chanting hymns and daily
prayers
 Living an honest life
 Share and give to the poor and needy, as well as contributing to good
causes based on one’s income
 Believe in many cycles of rebirth
 Feel one must live an honest life and avoid sins to achieve salvation with
God in the afterlife
 Practice Baptisms to symbolize devotion to faith
 Dietary Restrictions: Not allowed to eat Halal, kosher, or beef
 Men often wear turbans and females often wear headscarfs
Topics:
 Against
 Same-sex marriage/relations is not accepted due to
religious teachings/views. Marriage is believed to only be
between a man and a woman.
 Transgender-
 Against
 They believe strongly in not changing one’s body, such as
cutting one’s hair, so based on that belief, it is likely that
most would also be opposed to transgender individuals
rights/views.
 Abortion-
 Strongly against
 They believe in the sanctity of life. The only time abortion

may be accepted is if the mother’s life is in peril or if the
child has no chance at life after birth
 Divorce:
 Divorce is not allowed in the Sikh religion.

 Birth:
 No particular birth rituals clearly stated
 Abortion is seen as wrong unless the mothers life is in danger or if the
baby has no chance of survival after birth.
 Death:
 Sikhs believe that the soul never dies but is reborn. They believe, if
salvation is achieved, then the soul is released from their body and then
goes on to be with God
 At the funeral, the body is bathed in a yogurt bath and prayers are recited.
Then, the body is dressed in new clothes
 Body is often cremated
 The granthi (Sikh priest) often visits the hospital for the end of life
preparation
 Patients often given holy water at end of life stage
 Guru Granth (Sikh Scriptures and Scrolls)-
embodiment of truth, key to enlightenment and
salvation of the soul for Sikh people
 Faith Religion Center: Gurdwara
 Worshiping/Healing Practices:
 Nam Japa: In which they get up before the sunrise to meditate

with God and recite Guru hymns the clear the mind. As the day
goes by, remember Gods name and always think of him
 Dharam di Kirat Karni: Work hard and earn everything you get.
Live happily with everyone as a family. Always be honest and
true with everything you do
 Vand Ke Chakna: Share everything you have. Never be greedy
and be an inspiration to everyone
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Guru Gobind Singh's Birthday - January 5
 Maghi - January 14
 Hola Maholla - March 26
 Vaisakhi - April 14
 Martyrdom of Guru Arjan - June 16
 Celebration of the Guru Granth Sahib - September
 Diwali- date varies, Hindu festival of lights
 Guru Nanak's Birthday - November 15
 Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur - November 24

 Respect and celebrate the families unique Sikh beliefs
 Consider beliefs when dealing with grief and loss of a loved

one
 Provide opportunities for ceremonies, practice, and worship,

and allow the Sikh priest to visit patient
 Be aware of and willing to support each individuals unique

views on abortion and other potentially challenging issues
 Provide truth and honesty while also allowing for their own
personal/family’s decision-making
Introduction to Sikhism - The Sikh way of life. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from
http://fateh.sikhnet.com/s/SikhIntro
Sikh beliefs - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/beliefs
Sikhism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism
Sikhism - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 21, 2016, from http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism
Sikhism Funeral Traditions- Religious Traditions: The Funeral Source. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from
http://www.thefuneralsource.org/trad0206.html
Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People. (2011). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from http://www.sikhs.org/topics.htm
Sikhism: Beliefs and Principles of Sikhism - Sikh Religion. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from http://realsikhism.com/
http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/holidays
Chapter 4- Judaism (Reformed,
Conservative, Orthodox)
Main Principles:
 Belief in One God
 God punishes the evil and rewards the good
 God will send the Messiah, and He will resurrect

the dead (believe Messiah has not been sent yet)
 Deities: God
 Spiritual Leaders: Rabbis
Different Sects:
 Orthodox
 Most traditional expression of modern Judaism

 Believe in the entire Torah
 Reform
 More liberal- creating some changes in practices

 Conservative
 Moderate between Orthodox and Reform

 Important to note, there are many people who identify
themselves as Jewish although they do not necessarily believe
in, or observe the Jewish law
 Jewish symbol is the Star of David
 Necessary to carry out the Ten Commandments
 Practice charity and tolerance towards other people
 Important to read, listen, and understand the Torah
 Restricted Diet: Kosher foods only
Topics:
 Same-sex relationships/marriages-
 If more Reformed, than likely to be accepting; however,
Orthodox are likely strongly opposed.
 Transgender-
 If more Reformed, than likely to be accepting; however,
Orthodox are likely strongly opposed.
 Abortion-
 If more Reformed, than likely to be accepting;
however, Orthodox are likely strongly opposed.
 Divorce-
 If more Reformed, than likely to be accepting;
however, Orthodox are likely strongly opposed.
Birth Rituals:
 Birth:
 An Orthodox Jewish husband will not touch his wife as she is
giving birth, for she is seen to be unclean at this time
 Baby boys are circumcised on the eighth day after their birth.
This is typically done at home
 The birth of a daughter just requires the giving of a name
 Girls are often named on the Sabbath after their birth, while
boys are named after the circumcision ceremony
 Baby-blessing ceremonies occur during the Sabbath morning in
the Synagogue
Death Rituals
 Death:
 A dying person should not be left alone, must have company at
all times
 Against Jewish law for individuals to intervene in the
quickening of a death
 Dying individual may wish to recite the ‘Shema’ or special
psalms
 Important to contact the local synagogue to perform the last
rites after death
 A mourning period is seven days following a death
 According to Jewish law, the burial must take place as soon as
possible after the death
 The Torah- most religious text
 Tanakh- Consists of the same books as the Christian Old
testament with minor differences
 Talmud: The Oral Torah- Collection of rabbinical writings

that interpret, and explain the Torah scriptures
 Midrash- Material from sermons
 Responsa- Answers specific questions relating to Jewish law

 The Septuagint- Hebrew Bible dating back to the time before Jesus Christ.
Used by New Testament writers
 Faith Religion Center: Synagogues
 Worshiping/Healing Practices: Prayer, Scripture

Readings, Festivals, Celebrations, Ceremonies,
Gatherings
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 The Sabbath- holy day of the weekly (begins Friday evening and lasts until Saturday night)
 Passover- Festival of Children of Israel
 Shavuot- The festival of Weeks
 Sukkot- The feast of Tabernacles
 Ten Days of Awe- Repentance for our sins
 Yom Kippur- The Day of Atonement
 Hanukkah or Chanukuh- “Miracle of Oil”
 Rosh Hashanah- Jewish New Year
 Tu B’Shevat- ewish New Year for Trees
 Purim- Celebration of the events that are stated in the Book of Esther
 Tisha B’Av- Remembering the tragedies of the befallen Jewish people (Holocaust)
 Respect and celebrate the families beliefs
 Provide opportunity for celebration and ceremony when/if the

patient desires so
 Get to know the patient and family so that you can better
discern and respect their unique needs
 Provide patience, understanding, and acceptance of their

beliefs
 Respect and accommodate individual choice and decisions

https://www.westernschools.com/Portals/0/html/H8516/pudjeG_files/OEBPS/Text/H
8516_ebooks-22.html
Hollins, S. (2009). Religions, culture, and healthcare: A practical handbook for use in healthcare
environments (2nd ed.). Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.
Gordon-Bennett, C. (2016, February 5). What Do Jews Believe? Check Out the 13
Principles of Jewish Faith. Retrieved May 22, 2016, from
http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/What-Do-Jews-Believe.htm
Judaism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/
Judaism - ReligionFacts. (2004, March 17). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism
Rich, T. R. (n.d.). Judaism 101. Retrieved May 22, 2016, from

http://www.jewfaq.org/index.shtml
Chapter 5- Buddhism
Main Principles:
 There is no belief in a personal God
 Buddhists seek to reach Nirvana- the act of destroying

greed, hatred, and delusions within one’s self and truly
becoming free and at peace, happy, and joyful
 Believe in concept of Karma- the teachings that the past

can affect us either in a positive or negative way, and
how our present actions will determine our future
 Deities- No one personal God
 Spiritual Leaders- Dalai Lama, Buddhist

Monks
 The path to enlightenment and limited suffering is
through the practice and development of mortality,
meditation, and wisdom
 Believe in following The Four Noble Truths- which are

the essence of Buddha’s teachings
 No harming, no stealing, mindful speech, sexual

responsibility, drinking and drugs can cloud one’s
mind/judgment
Topics:
 Same-sex relationships and Same-sex marriage-
 Unlawful for monks, who must be celibate regardless of orientation. For
other Buddhists, "sexual misconduct" is prohibited under the Third Precept,
which depends on the circumstances and the results (ie. mutual consent and
expressions of love, respect, etc.)
 Not generally accept as it is seen as unnatural.
 Transgender-
 Varies
 Some view it as common while others view it as unnatural
 Abortion-
 Ranges from strongly opposed to common practice depending on societal norms of

region.
 There is no official position on abortion among Buddhists, although many Buddhists
believe that life begins at conception and that killing is morally wrong. In Japan, where
there is a large Buddhist population, abortions are commonly practiced and often involve
the Buddhist tradition of mizuko jizo, in which aborted fetuses are thought to be led to
the land of the dead.
 Divorce-
 Personal choice
 According to Buddhist teachings, “marriage is regarded as entirely a personal, individual
concern and not as a religious duty.” (Budsas.org article)
 Birth:
 No stated/apparent birth rituals
 Death:
 When a Buddhist is dying, important to treat the body with the
utmost care
 Preparations for death are critical
 A Buddhist monk can be informed of the death to begin reciting
prayers
 It is customary to remain in the place where the death took
place for 7 days following in order to allow rebirth to happen
 Buddhist prefer cremation over burials
 Sutras (Sanskirt)- A collection of Buddha’s words and
teachings
 Tripitaka (Pali Canon)- the earliest collection of

Buddha’s teachings
 Tibetan Book of the Dead (written by a monk)- a

detailed manuscript of the stages of death from a
Tibetan point of view
 Faith Religion Center:
 Are able to worship both at home or at a temple
 Healing/Worshiping Practices:
 Meditation, Venerating Buddha, Exchanging of Gifts, A
Pilgrimage, Mantras and Prayer
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Buddhist New Year
 Vesak (Buddha Day)
 Sangha Day
 Kathina Ceremony
 Parinirvana
 Festival of Floating Bowls
 Elephant Festival
 Ancestor Day

patient desires so

beliefs

22.html
Buddhism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/
Buddhism - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism
Buddhist Studies: Nirvana. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from http://www.buddhanet.net/e-
learning/dharmadata/fdd43.htm
The Buddhist World: Monastics Role in Society. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/service.htm
http://www.pewforum.org/2013/01/16/religious-groups-official-positions-on-abortion/
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/237.htm
Chapter 6- Catholicism
Main Principles:
 Jesus Christ is the Son of God
 God sent Jesus to Earth to save us from our sins
 Original sin
 Everyone is born with original sin
 Was the result from Adam and Eve’s disobedience to God
in the garden of Eden
 Belief in The Holy Trinity: three elements to one God
(Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)
 Belief in Saints, Sacraments, Purgatory, Hell, and the power
of Prayer
 Deities: The Holy Trinity: three elements to one God
(Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), saints
 Spiritual Leaders: Priest, Nuns, Pope, Cardinals

 Baptism- A sacrament that is done in infancy.
Regenerates and justifies original sin
 Catholics can gain forgiveness by confessing their sins to

God through a priest
 Eucharist/ Communion- Remembering the sacrifice that

Jesus Christ went through by offering up his body and
blood
Topics:
 Strongly opposed
 Traditionally considered sinful or perverted
 Marriage is believed only to be between a man and a
woman
 Transgender-
 Seen as sinful, perverted, unnatural, and not according to
how God intended
 Abortion-
 Strongly Against, Pro-life
 They believe abortion is a sin and that everyone is
entitled to life, even unborn infants.
 Divorce-
 Seen as a sin
 Birth:
 Following the birth of a child, it is important for

the infant to be baptized
 Death:
 When a person is dying, Catholic provide each

other with prayers, call a priest to give the dying
the last rights
 The Holy Bible- The sacred text from God

 Faith Religion Center: Church
 Worshipping/Healing Practices: Reading God’s word

in the Bible, Seven Sacraments (Baptism, Communion,
Reconciliation, Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick,
Holy Orders, and Holy Matrimony)
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Mass/Worship service: Obligatory for Catholics
to attend mass every Sunday and Holy Days of
Obligation
 Holidays: All Saints’ Day & All Souls’ Day,

Ascension Day, Corpus Christi, Epiphany, Lent,
Easter, Christmas , Holy Week, Pentecost

patient desires so

beliefs

22.html
Catholicism - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/catholicism
Christianity. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/
Fairchild, M. (n.d.). Compare 20 Beliefs of Catholics and Protestants. Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://christianity.about.com/od/denominations/a/catholicdenom.htm
Hollins, S. (2009). Religions, Culture, & Healthcare (2nd ed.). Oxford, NY: Radcliffe Publishing.
Roman Catholic Church- Beliefs & Doctrines. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/roman-catholic-church-beliefs-doctrines-
practices.html
Roman Catholic Practices. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/roman-catholic-practices
Roman Catholicism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://www.patheos.com/Library/Roman-

Catholicism
Chapter 7- Islam (Muslim)
Main Principles:
 Followers of The Five Pillars of Islam: The Testimony
of Faith, Prayer, The Giving of Alms, Fasting during
Ramadam, and a Pilgrimage to Mecca
 Believe in angels, prophets, & one God, Day of

Judgment, and Predestination
 Deities: Belief in one God or Allah
 Spiritual Leaders: Imam khatib (Muslim

pastor)
 Important to pray five times a day and in facing a certain
direction
 Cleansing- must be performed before touching the Qur’an.
 Muslims must face south-east towards the Quibla in Mecca
before they are to start their prayers.
 Wine and other alcoholic drinks are also forbidden
 Pork meat, all pork products and blood are forbidden
 Other meats can be eaten so long it has been slaughtered and
prayers over by a Muslim
Topics:
 Same-sex relationships/marriages-
 Not generally condemned
 Seen as sinful and punishable under Islamic law
 Transgender-
 Not generally condemned
 Seen as sinful and punishable under Islamic law
 Abortion-
 Varies depending on individual (some accepting, others highly opposed)

 Some believe abortion should be permissible if the termination of a pregnancy after four
months. in Islam, a fetus is thought to become a living soul – is not permissible
 Other Islamic thinkers contend that in cases prior to four months of gestation, abortion
should be permissible only in instances in which a mother’s life is in danger or in cases
of rape.
 Divorce-
 Moderately Opposed
 Discourages divorce, but does not make provisions for divorce for either party.
Birth Rituals:
 Birth:
 baby is immediately washed after birth
 Adhan is the Muslim call to prayer after baby is born
 Honey or something else sweet is placed in the baby’s mouth
soon after birth
 Baby isn’t named until the seventh day after birth
 All boys are circumcised
Death Rituals:
 Death:
 Death is seen as transition from one state of being to another
 Death is not seen as the end of a person’s existence but a passageway to connect
one to the afterlife (paradise or hell)
 The Quran teaches that human beings will be resurrected on the Last Day
 Relatives and/or a member of the local Mosque committee should be informed.
If possible, Muslims prefer to die at home.
 Visitors will come and recite verses from the Qur’an and pray for the peaceful
departure of the soul
 Patient will be encouraged to recite the Declaration of Faith
 Many Muslims living in America have a desire to be buried in the country of
their ancestry
 The Talqeen is performed for those who are dying to ensure they are spiritually
ready for the journey into death
 Grieving is only allowed for only three days maximum
 The Quran- holy book that is believed to
reveal Allah
 Faith Religion Center: Masque
 Worshiping/Healing Practices:
 Salat: Daily Prayers
 Sawm: Fasting
 Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
 Zakat: Charity
 Wudu- Ritual washing of hands and feet
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Ramadan- the festival of breaking the fast
 Eid-ul-fitr- celebrated immediately after Ramadan;

celebration remembering the Prophet Abraham
 ‘Id Al-Fitr- Festival of Breaking the Fast
 ‘Id Al-Adha- Festival of the Sacrifice
 Al-Hijra- Islamic New Year


patient desires so

beliefs

22.html
Islam. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/
Islam - ReligionFacts. (2015, March 17). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://www.religionfacts.com/islam
Islam Guide Home : What Are the Five Pillars of Islam? (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2016, from
https://www.islam-guide.com/ch3-16.htm
Portero, A. (n.d.). Death Beliefs & Rituals of Islam | The Classroom | Synonym. Retrieved May 14,
2016, from http://classroom.synonym.com/death-beliefs-rituals-islam-6283.html
What is Halal? (2011). Retrieved May 16, 2016, from

http://www.halalchoices.com.au/what_is_halal.html
https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/92752/divorce-in-islam
Chapter 8- Agnostic
Main Principles:
 Agnostics believe that the nature and existence of gods is
unknown and unknowable due to subjective experiences
 Believe that the nature and attributes of God are beyond

the grasp and knowledge of humankind
 Claim that there is no absolute or certain knowledge of

the existence of God
 Are not considered to be atheist

 Deities: none (doubtful/noncommittal)
 Spiritual Leaders: none

 No practices of rules for faith aside

from non-commitance and/or doubt
of a God/Creator/Other being
 Essentially, a person takes no position (for or against) on
the existence of gods due to lack of evidence/scientific
proof
Topics:
 Same-sex relationships and marriages-
 Varies according to individual
 Transgender-
 Abortion-
 Divorce-
 No specific birth or death rituals. Varies
according to individual
 No specific governing documents for
the religion
 Faith Religion Center: None; Not

applicable
 Worshiping/Healing Practices: no
specific healing/worship practices.
Varies according to individual.
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 No specific celebrations/holidays for
agnostics. Varies according to
individual
 Respect and celebrate family’s unique Agnostic beliefs

patient desires so

beliefs

8516_ebooks-22.html
Agnosticism - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25,
2016, from http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_agnosticism.htm
C. (n.d.). What are some of you agnostics' theories on the "afterlife" • /r/agnostic.
Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
https://www.reddit.com/r/agnostic/comments/vgln8/what_are_some_of_you_agnostics
_theories_on_the/
Blog.
Quotations. Etymology. History. Beliefs of Agnostics. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://www.religioustolerance.org/agnostic1.htm
Russell, B. (n.d.). What is an Agnostic? Retrieved May 25, 2016, from

http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Philosophy/RBwritings/agnostic.htm
Chapter 9- Voodoo & Syncretization
Main Principles:
 It is community centered that focuses on individual
experience, empowerment, and responsibility
 Embraces and surrounds the entire human experience
 Believe that there is a visible and invisible world
 Believe in performing an animal sacrifice at almost every
service/gathering
 Voodoo services are of central importance in religion
(typically music and dance is a part of the services)
 Deities: Believe only one God. This God is
basically the same God of Judaism and
Christianity (a Supreme Being); Lesser spirits=
“loa” or “miste”
 Spiritual Leader: Priests (male- houngan and

female- mambo)
 Practice healing people from sickness. Healers use herbs, and
faith healing with Lwa and other spirits helping.
 Perform animal sacrifices to release one’s life
 Ceremonies to call upon spirits
 Readings of the Future
 Casting of spells for protection from danger and evil spirits
 Making Potion for Healing, Death, and love

Topics:
 Same-sex relationships and same-sex marriages-
 No specific view from the Voodoo faith on the issue

 Varies depending on the individual
 Transgender-

 Abortion-

 Divorce-

 Birth:
 No specific birth rituals noted
 Death:
 Death is perceived as a regeneration for all of society
 It is important to maintain the tomb of the deceased
 Hopes to achieve reconciliation with the world of life and

the world of death
 There is no specific scripture books
 Faith Religion Center: The woods or natural
environment of the individual
 Worshiping/Healing Practices: Healers use herbs,

and faith healing with Lwa and other spirits helping;
animal sacrifice; voodoo dolls; ceremonial meetings;
initiation of new priests; reading of the future;
casting of spells; and potions.
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Mange Loa- The feeding of all the loa
 Fet Gede- All Souls Day
 Bath of Christmas- Vodouisants rub themselves
with medical treatment and talismans for luck
and protection
 Grand Bois- Honors the “great wood”
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Voodoo beliefs
 Provide opportunity for celebration, healing practices, potion

use, and ceremonies when/if the patient desires so

beliefs
 Respect and accommodate individual choice and decisions.

Beyer, C. (n.d.). Syncretism - What is Syncretism? Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://altreligion.about.com/od/glossary/p/Syncretism.htm
Beyer, C. (n.d.). A Beginner's Guide to Voodoo. Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/p/vodou.htm
Corbett, B. (1988, March). INTRODUCTION TO VOODOO IN HAITI. Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/voodoo/overview.htm
Death and Dying. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://www.deathreference.com/Vi-Z/Voodoo.html
Haas, S. A. (2011, February 25). What is Voodoo? Understanding a Misunderstood Religion. Retrieved May 25, 2016,
from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/saumya-arya-haas/what-is-vodou_b_827947.html
Latham, A. (n.d.). Haitian Voodoo Holidays. Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
http://www.ehow.com/info_8070908_haitian-voodoo-holidays.html
Voodoo - ReligionFacts. (2015, November 10). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://www.religionfacts.com/voodoo
Chapter 10- Mormonism (LDS)
Main Principles:
 Members believe in God the Father, His Son Jesus
Christ, and the Holy Ghost.
 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
considers itself Christian, but is neither Catholic nor
Protestant.
 As taught by the church, the first principles and
ordinances of the gospel are: 1) faith in the Lord Jesus
Christ, 2) repentance, 3) baptism by immersion, and 4)
laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.
 Deities- God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the
Holy Ghost.
 Spiritual Leader- The bishop of the Mormon church

 Members value family very highly. There are no special rituals
or beliefs surrounding birth.
 A health code revealed to Joseph Smith in 1833 cautions

against using tobacco or consuming alcohol, tea, or coffee. It
also emphasizes the positive benefits of wise eating habits and
both physical and spiritual fitness. The church interprets the
misuse of drugs—illegal, legal, prescription, or controlled—as
a violation of their health code.
 Meat is not against the health code, but members are

counseled to eat all things sparingly.
Topics:
 Sexual Orientation and Same-sex Marriage-
 Mormons are strongly against because it is considered a serious sin.

 Heterosexual marriage is required for entry into the most desirable
forms of afterlife.
 Transgender Views-
 Clearly stated barriers to inclusion (strongly against)

 Those who are considering “elective transsexual operations” may not
be baptized or confirmed. (“Stakes” are similar to Catholic dioceses.)
Those who have already undergone such an operation may be
baptized and confirmed with approval from the church’s governing
body. However, the handbook specifically states that those who have
undergone surgery cannot be priesthood holders, a designation given
to most Mormon boys at age 12
 Abortion-
 Teachings state, “elective abortion for personal or social convenience is

contrary to the will and the commandments of God.” Therefore, the church
says, any facilitation of or support for this kind of abortion warrants
excommunication from the church. However, the church believes that certain
circumstances can justify abortion, such as a pregnancy that threatens the life
of the mother or that has come about as the result of rape or incest.
 Divorce-
 Divorce is something Mormons are strongly against. They view marriage as an

eternal sealing and that the couple can only access heaven together.
 If a divorcing couple wishes to become unsealed, they must receive a
cancellation of sealing, which requires approval from high-ranking church
officials. A Mormon woman must receive a cancellation of sealing prior to
remarrying if she wishes her next marriage to be sealed in the temple.
However, because men are allowed to be sealed to more than one woman, they
do not have to cancel a previous sealing in order to remarry in the temple.
Birth:
 Members value family very highly. There are no special rituals or beliefs surrounding
birth.
Death:
 Mormons wear garments that maintain their modesty and dignity, and they may not
want it removed at end of life. Members of the church will support the family as the
patient approaches death. While the patient is dying, male healthcare providers should
examine the men and female healthcare providers should examine the women, if
possible.
 After the patient dies, the spirit goes to the afterlife (spirit world), where it learns and
progresses and can be with loved ones who have also died (The Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-Day Saints, n.d.). There are three growth and progress “degrees of glory.”
Those who reach the highest level will live with God, Jesus Christ, and their own
families. A bishop will help the family with funeral planning. The widow will wear black
for 1 year. Mormons view the funeral itself as a celebration of the person’s life.
 Organ Donation, Autopsy, and Embalming are acceptable, but cremation is not.
 The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus
Christ is regarded as divinely inspired scripture
 The Holy Bible
 The Doctrine and Covenants
 The Pearl of Great Price.

 The house of worship is a Mormon church, or
Temple
 The church embraces the moral standards taught
by Jesus Christ, including personal honesty,
integrity, obedience to law, chastity outside of
marriage, and fidelity within marriage.
 Healing Practices include prayer, sacraments,
reading of the holy book and sacred documents
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Christmas- The Day Jesus Christ (their deity) was born.
 Easter- The day Jesus (their deity) rose after dying on the cross
for all Christians sins
 Pioneer Day on July 24th- marks the date that the first
Mormon pioneers arrived in Utah’s Salt Lake City in 1847
 The Sabbath- each week on Sundays they attend a sacrament

meeting at their chapel, which includes readings, hymns,
prayers, communion, and testimonies from a few speakers
from the congregation
 Include the family in decision-making as much as possible, according to the wishes of the
patient.
 Remember to ask if someone from his or her church should be called.
 Members of the church have a strong belief in the priesthood, or the authority to act in
God’s name on earth. They will frequently request priesthood blessings by Elders of the
church when they become ill or have other medical needs.
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Mormon beliefs
 Blood transfusions, organ donations, and autopsies are up to individual choice.
 Birth control is acceptable according to the individual.
 The church is against abortion except in the case of incest or rape, if the health of the
mother is in serious jeopardy, or the baby is not expected to survive beyond birth.
 Members may take medicines that contain alcohol or caffeine (which are normally
restricted items), as long as they are not using the medicines just for those ingredients and
do not become addicted to them.
 Respect and accommodate potential dietary restrictions

https://www.westernschools.com/Portals/0/html/H8516/pudjeG_files/OEBP
S/Text/H8516_ebooks-22.html
http://www.vnfw.org/sites/default/files/diversity/Faith/healthcare_religious_b
eliefs.pdf
Hollins, S. (2009). Religions, culture, and healthcare: A practical handbook for use in
healthcare environments (2nd ed.). Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.
http://www.pbs.org/mormons/faqs/#7
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/02/religious-groups-policies-
on-transgender-members-vary-widely/
http://www.pewforum.org/2013/01/16/religious-groups-official-positions-on-
abortion/
Chapter 11- Southern Baptist
Main Principles:
 They believe in the Trinity and the sovereignty of God.
 They believe that God forgives freely and will save all
who accept the gift of Jesus’ death for salvation.
 They emphasize the importance of individual well-being

and relationships and on living a moral life.
Deity(s)/ Spiritual Leaders:
 They believe in the Trinity and the sovereignty of God.
 They believe that God forgives freely and will save all
who accept the gift of Jesus’ death for salvation.
 They emphasize the importance of individual well-being

and relationships and on living a moral life.
 There are no food restrictions.
 High value is placed on life as long as the quality is

good, so the establishment of good relationships and
maintaining a sense of high individual wellbeing/ moral
is encouraged.
 Spiritual practices may include scripture reading, prayer,

offerings, anointing, and the Eucharist.
Topics
 Sexual orientation and Same-sex Marriage-
 Traditionally considered sinful.

 Many Christians and denominations continue to
uphold this belief, while others have reconsidered it
or in the process of doing so.
 Transgender views-
 Stated strong barriers to inclusion

 The Southern Baptist Convention approved a
resolution in 2014 stating that transgender people can
only become members if they repent.
 Abortion-
 In a 1996 resolution on partial-birth abortion, the Southern
Baptist Convention reaffirmed its opposition to abortion, stating
that “all human life is a sacred gift from our sovereign God and
therefore … all abortions, except in those very rare cases where
the life of the mother is clearly in danger, are wrong.”
 Divorce-
 According to the Southern Baptist Convention of churches,

each church in the SBC has varying beliefs on divorce. Some
only find it acceptable when it is “biblically allowed”, while
others are less restrictive. Also, some belief that if you are
divorced, you can not become a deacon or an pastor in the
church, while others again are more lenient.
Birth and Death Rituals
 Birth:
 This is usually a time of great celebration and thanksgiving.
 If a child is stillborn or if there is a miscarriage, some may wish to have the
child baptized.
 Death:
 End-of-life rituals include family presence at the time of death, prayer, and the
reading of scripture. There are no special customs at the time of death or dying
other than belief in Jesus Christ. A Baptist believes in receiving Holy
Communion, known as the Lord’s Supper. It usually consists of bread and
juice.
 Some may also have religious practices of anointing with oil or other such
rituals.
 A Baptist believes that God lives in heaven, which is where they will go when
they die. They hold a viewing at the funeral home or at the Baptist church.
Close family and friends attend a funeral, which they consider a religious
occasion. They usually hold the funeral 3 to 5 days after the death. A funeral
does not take place on Sunday or a holiday. A eulogy is acceptable. Family and
friends gather at the church or home after the funeral. A memorial event is not
customary.
 The King James Version of the Bible.

 Faith Religion Center: The Church
 A Healing and Worshipping Practices is Prayer. Prayer is

a method of communicating with God, thanking Him
for His gifts and letting Him know of specific needs or
concerns.
 Health practices should support improvement of the

whole person, including the mind, body, and spirit.
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Christmas- The day Jesus Christ (their deity) was born.
 Easter- The day Jesus (their deity) rose after dying on the
cross for all Christians sins
 Sabbath- each week on Sundays (the sacred day) they

attend a meeting at their church
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Baptist beliefs
 Organ donation and embalming are acceptable. Autopsies
are acceptable, but not advocated. And Cremation is
acceptable, but most Baptists prefer burial.
 Provide opportunities for spiritual practices such as
scripture reading, prayer, offerings, anointing, and the
Eucharist.
 Be aware that Withdrawal of treatment and end of life
issues vary from person to person.
 Be aware of individual restrictions and preferences.
eliefs.pdf
http://www.pewforum.org/2013/01/16/religious-groups-official-positions-on-
abortion/
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/02/religious-groups-policies-
on-transgender-members-vary-widely/
http://www.sbc.net/faqs.asp
Chapter 12- Wiccan
Main Principles:
 Wiccan is the most practiced form of Paganism. Paganism is
a religion that believes in a divine creative force.
 They believe in the sacredness of all things. Their philosophy

and worship tend to be nature based.
 They do not worship the devil. Evil is regarded as an

imbalance to be corrected, and not an independent entity or
force.
 They believe in a multilevel reality perceived as spiritual,

mental (or rational), ethical, astral, and physical.
 Deities: They worship the Divine in nature, and
Goddess and God.
 Spiritual Leaders: no leaders, simply a Pagan

community of equals.
 Some Wiccans are vegetarians/vegans while
others fast for personal reasons. There are no
religious dietary restrictions however.
 No specific dress is required/preferred.
 Most pagans and Wiccans wear symbolic
jewelry that relates to their specific spiritual
path.
Topics
 Orientation: Accepted as alternative

 Same-sex relationships: Accepted within bounds of general
ethics (Consensual, loving, and pleasing for all parties)
 Varies amongst individuals but the Wiccan religion teaches

a positive ethical attitude of ‘do as you will, and harm no
one’ which implies that it would likely be accepted by
many.
 Abortion-
 Varies amongst individuals but the Wiccan religion
teaches a positive ethical attitude of ‘do as you will,
and harm no one’ which implies that it would likely
be accepted by many.
 Divorce-
 Varies amongst individuals but the Wiccan religion
teaches a positive ethical attitude of ‘do as you will,
and harm no one’ which implies that it would likely
be accepted by many
 Birth:
 Pagan women may choose not to have much pain relief and may seek to manage
pain in other more naturalistic ways.
 They may wish to make their own informed personal decisions about pre- and
postnatal care.
 Naming Ceremonies- no religious requirement, but some may wish it.
 Death:
 They see dying as a part of the circle of life, and most believe in reincarnation
 They will wish to know when they are dying, so that they can prepare for death.
 Rituals, or “last rites”, may wish to be performed by one or more Pagan members to
help the spirit of the dying person to go into transition peacefully. However, if the
family does not have some specific who can do this for them, the Pagan Federation
will be able to assist.
 After death- no religious requirement for body to be placed in specific clothes, but
relatives may wish for specific dress.
 Some may wish to take the family home to prepare for burial or to cremation
themselves, while others may employ a funeral director.
 The Book of Shadows- a book of rituals
and spells by Gerald Brosseau Gardner,
which serves their main resources aside
from folklores, traditions, and rituals
 Faith Religion Center: Natural environments

traditionally
 Healing/Worshipping Practices: Rituals, Spells,

and Ceremonies
Main Celebrations & Holidays:
 Early February (Imbolc)- the celebration of the re-awakening of the earth
 Spring Equinox (around March 21st)- remembers the Goddess Oestara, a goddess who
crossed the land leaving tokens of fertility (eggs, and her totem animal, the hare)
 Beltaine (May Day)- celebration of fertility when the young God and Goddess come
together. Bonfires and May crowns are common features during this event
 Summer Solstice (around June 21st)- when the Sun is strongest and the God is at the height
of his rule.
 Lughnassadh (early August)- the feast of the God Lugh (God of Light) and the celebration
of the first fruits of harvest
 Autumn Equinox (around September 21st)- celebration of the end of harvest and the return
of the battle between Holly and Oak
 Samhain (October 31st)- The feast of remembrance, or when the veil between the living
and the dead becomes thin. It is believed that during this time people can send messages
back and forth to their deceased loved ones.
 Winter Solstice (around December 21st)- The feast of Yule, and the celebration of the fact
that the longest night is over and that daylight will once more begin to lengthen.
 Due to many Wiccans wearing symbolic jewelry, care should
be taken whenever it needs to be taken off for medical reasons,
and should be returned to the person as soon as possible.
 Respect and celebrate the family’s Wiccan beliefs
 Be aware of individual restrictions and preferences.
 Respect individual’s right to make own personal decisions and
wishes.
 They will likely wish to know they are dying, so they can
prepare for death. It is important that CLS prepare and inform
individuals according to their wishes.
eliefs.pdf
Chapter 13- Seventh Day Adventist
(SDA)
Main Principles:
 The Seventh-day Adventist Church is one of many
Christian communities of faith.
 Members treasure the knowledge that they are
loved and accepted by the Creator God.
 They chose the name based on the observance of
the seventh-day (Saturday) Sabbath and a belief in
the second coming or “advent” of Jesus.
Deities/Spiritual Leader:
 Deities: God, Jesus, Holy Spirit (The
Trinity)
 Spiritual Leaders: Pastors, Elders

 Forbidden to smoke, drink alcohol, or use any other intoxicating substance
 Members may be vegetarian, but those who are not will refrain from pork,
shellfish, and other meats that are unclean, according to the laws in Leviticus.
 When leaving the church, it is recognized that they are not only leaving a
church but a culture which can be particularly distressing
 They will welcome pastoral support and spiritual support from members of
their community
 There may be objections to organ/tissue donation or autopsies on religious

grounds
 Some members choose to use herbal therapies in conjunction with traditional

medicine.
 The church is opposed to active euthanasia and assisted suicide.
 They value human life as a gift from God and support the use of medical
treatment to prolong life. However, it is permissible to discontinue treatment if
the burdens outweigh the benefits
Topics
 Strongly opposed (seen as sin)
 Seventh-day Adventists believe that sexual intimacy
belongs only within the marital relationship of a man and
a woman. The Bible makes no accommodation for
homosexual activity or relationships. Sexual acts outside
the circle of a heterosexual marriage are forbidden.
 No position has been made either way, however,
according to their strong views on same-sex
marriage/relationships, one would assume many are
likely opposed.
 Abortion-
 Supportive, except in certain cases (i.e. as a form of birth

control, gender selection, or convenience)
 The sanctity of human life is valued. Because of that, the
church does not condone abortions for reasons of birth
control, gender selection, or convenience. However, the
personal liberty of women is guarded and supported.
 Divorce-
 Seen as sin, however still can be accepted as member of

the church and be supported by the SDA community
 Birth:
 The family unit tends to be strong
 Birth is a joyous time, celebrated by all generations.
 In the first few months after birth, many parents have their babies
dedicated to God in a church service.
 Death:
 Believe death is like sleep during which the person has no conscious
form of existence until the resurrection when Jesus returns to this
earth
 No special rituals associated with death.
 Burial is preferred over cremation.
 Some may have objections to autopsies on religious grounds.
 The Holy Bible- the SDA’s sacred text

 Faith Religion Center: The Church
 Worshipping/Healing Practices:
 Prayer, Communion, Anointing of Oil, Reading

from the Bible
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Sabbath Day- observed every Saturday from
sundown Friday to sundown Saturday, is a day
to put aside work, secular pursuits, and self-
interests, and is a time to worship the creator
and commune with God
 In the case of a serious illness, CLS must be aware that new
parents may wish their baby to be officially “dedicated to
God” in the hospital.
 Respect and celebrate the family’s SDA beliefs
 Respect and accommodate any dietary needs when possible
 Be aware of and respectful of personal choices on abortion
and other personal views
 It is important to refer to a person who died as being dead or
asleep, rather than in heaven with God due to the fact that
they believe that the can not be conscious until Jesus returns
to earth.
eliefs.pdf
https://www.adventist.org/en/information/official-
statements/statements/article/go/-/homosexuality/
Chapter 14- Animism
Main Principles:
 It is the belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human
affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests.
 Animism attributes importance to categories of supernatural beings
whose individual members are attached to particular places and
persons or resident in particular creatures and are autonomous in
their dealings.
 Animistic creeds have in common an undertaking on the part of
people to communicate with supernatural beings, not
about metaphysics or the dilemmas of the moral life but about urgent
practicalities: about securing food, curing illness, and averting danger.
 The view of all nature as animated by invisible spirits—be they
shades, demons, fairies, or fates—with which people could interact in
meaningful ways may belong to the past, but philosophies that
attribute powers of initiative and responsiveness to nature have not
gone out of currency.
Deities/Spiritual Leaders:
 Deities: The Supernatural, nature spirits, gods,
and demons (varies amongst Animists)
 Spiritual Leaders: Shamans, Eskimo Hunters,

Nomads, Samis, etc. (dependent upon societal
context)
 The view of all nature as animated by invisible
spirits—be they shades, demons, fairies, or fates—
with which people could interact in meaningful
ways may belong to the past, but philosophies that
attribute powers of initiative and responsiveness to
nature have not gone out of currency.
 But the most likely context of animism is an
uncentralized social order in which secular power is
not developed and each local settlement is at the
focus of its own world.
Topics
 There is no official stance on divorce for people who believe in

Animism. However, based on the fact that Animism is based on
the natural cycle of change and new life, believers of Animism
do not likely support same-sex marriage/relationships.
 There is no official stance on divorce for people who believe in

Animism. However, based on the fact that Animism is based on
the natural cycle of change and new life, believers of Animism
do not likely support transgender rights unless there procedures
were non-elective as a result of natural birth defects.
 Abortion-
 There is no official stance on divorce for people who
believe in Animism. However, based on the fact that
Animism is based on the natural cycle of change and
new life, believers of Animism do not likely abortion
because the “natural” way of life would be to let life
play out without interference.
 Divorce-
 There is no official stance on divorce for people who
believe in Animism. Position likely varies depending
on the individual.
 Birth:
 A few personally venerated gods/spirits are
associated with child birth in particular
 Death:
 In ancestor cults the most recently dead are the
most vividly conceived—the original clan
ancestor, for all his symbolic importance, is
remote both from society and from the godhead.
 No governing documents, simply folklore, rituals

and traditions passed down from generation to
generation
 Faith Religion Center: Nature or a natural

environment
 Worshipping/Healing Practices: Formal and

Non-formal Ceremonial practices, rituals
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Some participate in formal or non-formal
ceremonies but there are no official
holidays in the religion of animism
 Respect and celebrate the families unique Animism beliefs
 Consider supernatural and spiritual beliefs when dealing

with grief and loss of a loved one
 Provide opportunities for rituals, traditions, formal and non-

formal ceremonies
 Be aware of and willing to support each individuals unique

views on abortion and other potentially challenging issues
eliefs.pdf
http://www.britannica.com/topic/animism
Jok, Kuel Maluil. "Animism of the Dinka." Animism of the Nilotics and Discourses
of Islamic Fundamentalism in Sudan. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone, 2010.
47+. Google Scholar. Web.
Chapter 15- Unitarian Universalist
Main Principles:
 Universal Unitarians (UUs) believe in the inherent worth
and dignity of every person
 UUs believe in justice, equity and compassion in human

relations
 They believe in Acceptance of one another and

encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations
who follow unique faith systems
 Deities: Many Gods and spiritual beliefs
(specific to each individual)
 Spiritual Leaders: Minister, Religious

Educator, and other religious professionals
 UUs live their faith by doing
 Whether in community with others or as an individual, they try to
create active, tangible expressions of love, justice, and peace
 Celebrate rites of passage such as weddings, funerals, blessings,
coming of age, and child dedications
 Perform outreach in the community
 Volunteer and work for justice in the world
 Worship and education for all ages and all belief systems worship
as one
 A flame within a chalice (a cup with a stem and foot) is a primary
symbol of the Unitarian Universalist faith tradition
Topics:
 Fully supportive
 They engage in intentional Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
(LGBTQ) welcoming ministry
 They have a proud history of living our values by advocating for rights and
justice for people of all sexual orientations and gender identities, including
working for marriage equality, Standing on the Side of Love, and more
 They value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift
 Fully supportive
 Advocate for the rights and justice of people of all different gender identities
 They value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift
 Abortion-
 Pro-choice
 UUs believe in the personal right to choose in regard to
contraception and abortion
 Divorce-
 Because Unitarian Universalists affirm the "right of
conscience," they believe divorce or separation is a
personal matter, a decision that can only be made by the
couple involved, based on circumstances and factors that
only they can judge
 Supportive and Understanding
Birth & Death Rituals:
 Birth:
 Most UUs have child dedication ceremonies for infants and children,
in which we affirm the goodness and the blessing in every human life
 Families and congregations dedicate themselves to look after the well
being of the child, because UUs take to heart the African proverb “it
takes a village to raise a child.”
 Death:
 Services to honor loved ones who have passed on are often very
personal occasions
 Unique perspectives amongst UU believers on life after death
(everyone is on their own unique journey), however, they reject the
idea of eternal damnation.
 At the end of life, we offer communities of care and support
 Governing Documents:
 A shared set of Seven UU Principles
 UUs read scripture in worship, whether it is the Bible,

the Dhammapada, or the Tao Te-Ching, however,
they as seen as a form of inspiration not an absolute
guidebook.
 Faith Religion Center: Unitarian Universalist
Churches
 Worshipping/Healing Practices: UU offers diverse

and meaningful ways of connecting with the sacred.
Some practices include meditation, moments of
silence, prayer, reading from diverse religious
scriptures, or chanting.
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Child Dedication Ceremonies
 Coming of Age Ceremonies
 Bridging Ceremonies
 Weddings
 Funerals/Memorial Services
 Pride celebrations
 Transgender Day of Remembrance
 National Coming Out Day

 Respect and celebrate the families UU beliefs
 Provide opportunity for celebration and ceremony

when/if the patient desires so
 Get to know the patient and family so that you can

better discern and respect their unique needs
 Provide patience, understanding, and acceptance of

their beliefs
eliefs.pdf
http://www.uua.org/beliefs
http://www.uua.org/sites/live-
new.uua.org/files/documents/mcdonaldcolleen/divorce.pdf
http://www.uua.org/
Chapter 16- Lutheran
Main Principles:
 As Christians, the Lutheran faith is centered on the person
and work of Jesus Christ.
 They believe that God is three in one, or triune.
 Lutherans believe that the Son of God (Jesus) became a

human being to suffer and die for the sins of the world so
that all who believe in Him will not perish but through His
substitution for us on the cross we are given forgiveness and
eternal life.
 Deities: God (is three in one, or triune; the
father, the son, and the holy spirit)
 Spiritual Leaders: Pastors

 Lutherans believe it is important to proclaim their
faith to the world in an understandable manner. An
example of this is through writing down their
“confessionals” or beliefs from reading the Book of
Concord in the Bible.
 Our position is that if God's Word has spoken to a
matter we must follow God's Word on that
matter. But where God's Word is silent, there can
be liberty for practice as long as this is done
responsibly for the sake of proclaiming the Gospel
into the world
Topics:
 More liberal Lutherans have no stated policy on the issue.

 More traditional churches view same-sex
relationships/marriage as a sin.
 More liberal Lutherans have no specific policy on the

inclusion of transgenders but also have not removed any
specific barriers to transgender individuals either.
 More traditional Luterans give advice to ministers on how to
counsel transgender people and encourage them to seek
treatment for dysphoria
 Abortion-
 The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (traditional Lutheran
church) states that “[s]ince abortion takes a human life, it is not
a moral option except to prevent the death of … the mother.”
 Strongly against except in terms of medical exceptions/reasons
 Divorce-
 The act of putting away one's spouse through legal divorce, as
well as subsequent remarriage, is a violation of God's will (a
sin).
 A person who divorces his/her spouse for any other cause than
sexual unfaithfulness and marries another commits adultery.
Anyone who marries a person so discarding his or her spouse
commits adultery
 Birth:
 Lutherans practice infant baptism, which according to the bible, "cleanses

from sin, snatches us from the power of Satan, and gives us everlasting life."
 Death:
 Luther disagreed strongly with the Roman Catholic teaching that there is
also a place called purgatory, because purgatory is not explicitly mentioned
in the Bible
 At death they slept peacefully until the final resurrection of the dead when
they entered heaven
 The conservative wing of the Lutheran Church maintains its belief in an
afterlife spent in a literal place, either heaven or hell. More liberal Lutherans
tend to downplay hell, often because the image of God torturing people for
eternity, even if they are sinners, is not easy to square with their idea of a
loving God
 Heaven and Hell in generally seen by most Lutherans as a metaphoric place
rather than literal place.
 The Holy Bible- the inspired and inerrant
Word of God and the only revelation on
both beliefs and practice
 Faith Religion Center: Lutheran Church
 praying, communion, baptisms, hymn

singing, communal readings by the
congregation, blessings, and benedictions
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Lent- Period of abstinence from a certain temptation
 Ash Wednesday- The service with which one receives Ashes
in symbolism of Jesus’ death/sacrifice and one’s own
personal sacrifice during Lent
 Christmas- The celebration of the birth of Jesus
 Easter- The celebration of the rising of Jesus Christ after is
crucifixion
 Sunday services, which include many rituals such as praying,
hymn singing, communal readings by the congregation,
blessings, and benedictions.
 Respect and celebrate the families Lutheran beliefs whether
traditional, liberal, or in between
 Provide opportunity for celebration and ceremony when/if
the patient desires so
beliefs
22.html
http://www.lutheran-resources.org/lutheran_beliefs.htm
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Lutheran/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-Salvation
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Lutheran/Ritual-Worship-Devotion-Symbolism/Rites-and-
Ceremonies
http://www.religionfacts.com/lutheranism
http://www.pewforum.org/2013/01/16/religious-groups-official-positions-on-abortion/
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/02/religious-groups-policies-on-transgender-
members-vary-widely/
http://www.lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=318
Chapter 17- Amish
Main Principles:
 Amish believe in nonresistance
 Amish are Christians who have separated themselves

from society by living in communities that reject modern
technology
 They strive for humility, calmness, and a life free from

sin
 Deities: God, Jesus
 Spiritual Leaders: untrained clergy who include

ministers, deacons, and bishops
 Both Amish and Mennonites wear plain, homemade clothing that look the same. Men
wear dark colored suits and broad-rimmed hats, while women wear long dresses and
bonnets.
 The Amish believe in Holy Communion and adult baptism
 Amish do not usually have health insurance and rely on their community for support.
 Many Amish peoples diets consist of homegrown fruits and vegetables
 Pork makes up a large part of their diet
 Many Amish have their own cow, leading to milk and beef being a large staple of their
diet as well
 The Amish usually raise their own livestock
 Amish shunning- differ considerably from community to community in the severeness

and strictness but an Amish person may be shunned for a variety of offenses, ranging
from major moral offenses to using improper technology
 The use of electricity is intensely avoided

Topics:
 Strongly opposed as it is considered sinful; however

individual beliefs may vary
 Transgender-

 Abortion-
 Strongly opposed as it is considered murder (sinful);

however individual beliefs may vary
 Divorce-

Birth Rituals:
 Birth:
 Some Amish women attend births of newborns in their
community. These women are called “catchers”
 They prefer to remain at home for delivery of their babies
with midwifes
 It is a tradition for an older woman in the community to be
present during the birth process
 The pregnancy is hidden until the baby is born
 Amish people are generally not educated about child birth so
mothers and fathers often do not know what to expect
 Pain medication is often refused
 Husbands are allowed to be present
Death Rituals:
 Death:
 When there is no hope for the patient’s recovery at end of life, the Amish believe
that life has lost its purpose and meaning, and they will withhold life-sustaining
measures.
 After the patient dies, family members wash the body.
 The family makes the white clothing that the deceased will wear. They do not apply
makeup to the body for viewing, which lasts for 3 days.
 They hold a viewing and a religious service in the home before burial, which
occurs on the third day.
 They place the body in a simple, six-sided casket (two pieces on hinges that fold
down from the chest).
 Horse-drawn carriages take the casket, which is usually pine, to the cemetery for
burial. Mourners follow in their horse-drawn carriages.
 When they reach the cemetery, they silently read the Lord’s Prayer (Lancaster
County, 2013). There is no singing at the gravesite, and all the gravestones are
uniform to avoid signs of power or wealth.
 Cremation is not acceptable according to their faith
 Autopsy, embalming, and organ donation are not forbidden but many may not like
it.
 The Bible- a sacred text
 Martyr’s Mirror (Kraybill, Nolt, & Weaver-

Zercher, 2010)
 Faith Religion Center: They assemble for religious
services in homes and barns
 Worshipping/Healing Practices: herbal medicines,

songs/hymns, scripture readings, prayers,
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 The Amish celebrate Holy Communion twice each year
and practice foot washing
 Religious services are held on a regular, rotating basis in

family homes and barns
 Respect and celebrate the families Amish beliefs
beliefs
 Respect potential disapproval of cremation, electricity,
technology, and medication
eliefs.pdf
http://www.case.edu/artsci/anth/Campanella%20et%20al%201993.pdf
http://www.religionfacts.com/amish
Chapter 18- Native American Beliefs
Main Principles:
 Native Americans (NA) beliefs recognize the place of Spirit-
life force- known as ni by the Lakota and nilch’i by the Navajo.
The individuals spirit is extremely important, so too is the
spirit of the healer and the spirit of the community, the tribe,
and the environment
 They believe we are all connected to each other and to our

environment (Mother Earth, Father Sky) through the Creator
known as the Great Spirit, Great Mystery or the Maker of all
things above. This is also known as the Butterfly Effect
 Great emphasis is placed on wholeness

 Deities: The spirits in the environment (Mother Earth,
Father Sky) and the Creator (Great Spirit, Great
Mystery, or the Maker of all things above)
 Spiritual Leaders: The Healers of the tribe

 They maintain a focus on health, healing the
person and the community
 They believe in the message and lesson in all
things even illness
 Strong emphasis on intuition
 The healer of the tribe is a counselor/advisor
 NA medicine fosters confidence in the patient
Topics:
 Some acknowledge the existence of “two spirits” among us

implying that gender fluidity is normal and natural in the
Native American myths. However, individual perceptions on
same-sex relationships/marriage could vary.
 Transgender-
 Some acknowledge the existence of “two spirits” among us

implying that gender fluidity is normal and natural in the
Native American myths. However, individual perceptions on
transgenders can vary
 Abortion-
 According to the Pew Research Team, most NA belief that

abortion should be legal in most cases demonstrating a
liberal view and supportive stance.
 Divorce-
 Seen as an acceptable method of resolving marital discord

according to the encyclopedia for Cultural Sociology of
Divorce.
 Birth:
 Prenatal care should be provided by natural helpers in the Native American
community, including tribal elders, grandmothers, and aunts in collaboration
with licensed providers.
 Respect of NA mother’s and the healer’s diverse rituals is necessary. Birthing
rituals are often unique to every tribe.
 Death:
 There is a general preference for naturalness, and home care is preferred
unless there is a cultural taboo regarding death (Navajo)
 Many NA tribes/nations have specific rituals and ceremony concerning care
of the body after death in order that the spirit crosses over safely to the other
side, and is not held here by inappropriate behavior or thoughts by the
deceased person’s family
 Most NAs see death is a natural part of the life cycle.
 Generally, NA do not desire organ donation or autopsy
 Varies from tribe to tribe with cultural tradition and individual acculturation
 No specific Governing Documents; Traditions
have been passed down from generation to
generation through practice, rituals, folklore,
myths, and legends
 Faith Religion Center: The Environment, Reservation
 The Sweat Lodge, Prayer, Burning sage or aromatic

woods (smudging), Laying-on-of-hands, massage,
counseling, imagery, fasting, dreaming, going on a
shamanic journey
Main Celebrations &
Holidays:
 Most tribes have their own individual celebrations
 Periodic Rituals and Celebrations are conducted

throughout the year as a means of symbolizing
cleansing, honor or renewal with the Earth,
environment, or life.
 Respect and celebrate the families Amish beliefs
beliefs
 Respect of NA mother’s and the healer’s diverse rituals is
necessary. Birthing rituals are often unique to every tribe.
8516_ebooks-22.html
http://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/americanindian.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9601302
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/TheBirthRitual-Hopi.html
http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.gen.004
http://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/15/abortion-views-by-religious-affiliation/
Emery, R. E. (2013). Cultural sociology of divorce: An encyclopedia.

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Jennifer Eazell

 Note: References and Child Life Considerations provided

 Jehovah’s Witnesses do not believe that Jesus Christ is equal

 They do not believe in the Holy Trinity

 Strong belief in the Armageddon- the holy war between

 Spiritual Leaders: Elders, Ministerial Servants,

 They are strongly opposed as they view killing an unborn

 They are strongly opposed to divorce, as the Bible states

 Recognize the Bible as God’s message to

 Healing/Worshipping Practices: Prayer to God reading

 Jehovah’s Witness do not celebrate Easter or Christmas

 Also, birthdays are not celebrated either

 Spiritual Leaders: Auditors (ordained ministers),

 The primary goal of the religion is to reach full spiritual

 Auditing- when an individuals goes through different

 According to the Church of Scientology, Scientology does not

 There is no specific doctrine on Marriage and Divorce. This is

 The Creed from Hubbard’s writings- main text used

 Faith Religion Center: The Church of

 Healing/Worshipping Practices: Auditing,

 Auditor’s day- honoring all auditors (Second

 Use honesty about future medical treatments and include the

 Respect and celebrate the family’s Scientology beliefs

 Respect and accommodate potential ideals of Audits at end of

 Teachings come from the 10 Gurus that reside in the

 Believe that individuals should work for the common

 Spiritual Leaders: Guru Nanak Dev (first of 10

 They believe in the sanctity of life. The only time abortion

 Divorce is not allowed in the Sikh religion.

 Nam Japa: In which they get up before the sunrise to meditate

 Hola Maholla - March 26

 Martyrdom of Guru Arjan - June 16

 Celebration of the Guru Granth Sahib - September

 Diwali- date varies, Hindu festival of lights

 Guru Nanak's Birthday - November 15

 Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur - November 24

 Consider beliefs when dealing with grief and loss of a loved

 Provide opportunities for ceremonies, practice, and worship,

 Be aware of and willing to support each individuals unique

Sikhism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism

 God punishes the evil and rewards the good

 God will send the Messiah, and He will resurrect

 Spiritual Leaders: Rabbis

 Most traditional expression of modern Judaism

 More liberal- creating some changes in practices

 Moderate between Orthodox and Reform

 Talmud: The Oral Torah- Collection of rabbinical writings

 Midrash- Material from sermons

 Responsa- Answers specific questions relating to Jewish law

 Worshiping/Healing Practices: Prayer, Scripture

 Passover- Festival of Children of Israel

 Shavuot- The festival of Weeks

 Sukkot- The feast of Tabernacles

 Ten Days of Awe- Repentance for our sins

 Yom Kippur- The Day of Atonement

 Hanukkah or Chanukuh- “Miracle of Oil”

 Rosh Hashanah- Jewish New Year

 Tu B’Shevat- ewish New Year for Trees

 Provide opportunity for celebration and ceremony when/if the

 Provide patience, understanding, and acceptance of their

 Respect and accommodate individual choice and decisions

Judaism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from

Rich, T. R. (n.d.). Judaism 101. Retrieved May 22, 2016, from