Controlled & Uncontrolled

Airspace
Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its
territory, including its territorial waters or, more generally, any specific
three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere. It is not the same
as aerospace, which is the general term for Earth's atmosphere and the outer
space in its vicinity.
 All airspace around the world is divided into Flight Information Regions
(FIRs). Each FIR is managed by a controlling authority that has responsibility
for ensuring that air traffic services are provided to the aircraft flying within
it. The CAA is the controlling authority for the UK and NATS provides air
traffic services for them.

Flight FIRs vary in size. Smaller countries may have one FIR in the airspace above
them and larger countries may have several. Airspace over the ocean is
Information typically divided into two or more FIRs and delegated to controlling
authorities within countries that border it.

Regions In some cases, FIRs are split vertically into lower and upper
(FIRs) sections. The lower section remains referred to as a FIR, but the
upper portion is referred to as an Upper Information Region (or
‘UIR’).

Airspace within a FIR (and UIR) is usually divided into pieces that vary in function, size
and classification. Classifications determine the rules for flying within a piece of
airspace and whether it is ‘controlled’ or ‘uncontrolled’. Aircraft flying in controlled
airspace must follow instructions from Air Traffic Controllers. Aircraft flying in
uncontrolled airspace are not mandated to take air traffic control services but can call
on them if and when required (e.g. flight information, alerting and distress services).
 It is a service provided by ground-based air traffic controllers who direct
aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace and can provide
advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary purpose of
ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the flow of air
traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. In some countries,
ATC plays a security or defensive role, or is operated by the military.

Air traffic
control (ATC) Air traffic controllers monitor the location of aircraft in their assigned airspace
by radar and communicate with the pilots by radio. To prevent collisions, ATC
enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a
minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. In many countries, ATC
provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating
within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace,
ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey,
or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at
their discretion, disregard. The pilot in command is the final authority for the
safe operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC
instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.
How ATC works for flights to enter airport?
VFR
Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations under
which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions
generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where
the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be
better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in visual
meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the
rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must
be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to
the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and
other aircraft.
 IFR and IMC are similar. IFR stands for instrument flight rules – the set of
rules that govern aircraft that fly in IMC, or instrument meteorological
conditions. In general terms, instrument flying means flying in the clouds.
More specifically, IMC is defined as weather that is “below the minimums
prescribed for flight under Visual Flight Rules.”

It’s called instrument flight because the pilot navigates only by reference to
IFR the instruments in the aircraft cockpit. Flying in the clouds (IMC) requires
an IFR flight plan and an instrument rating.

Flying by instruments, without any outside references sounds dangerous,

but it’s very safe once you’ve received the proper training. Training
includes learning how to use navigational aids like VORs, ADF and GPS and
how to fly approaches using an instrument landing system
(ILS). Instrument training also includes a comprehensive study of weather
systems and reports, icing conditions, and how the human body responds
to spatial disorientation.
VFR & IFR
 1. Controlled airspace
1.1Class A airspace
1.2Class B airspace
1.3Class C airspace
1.4Class D airspace
1.5Class E airspace
2. Uncontrolled airspace
2.1Class G airspace
3. Special use airspace
3.1Prohibited areas
3.2Restricted areas
3.3Warning areas
3.4Military operation areas (MOAs)
3.5Alert areas
3.6Controlled firing areas (CFAs)
4. Other airspace areas
4.1Local airport advisory (LAA)
4.2Military training routes (MTRs)
4.3Temporary flight restrictions (TFR)
4.4Parachute jump aircraft operations
Classification 4.5Published VFR routes
4.6Terminal radar service areas (TRSAs)
4.7National Security Areas (NSAs)
 Controlled Airspace

Controlled airspace exists where it

is deemed necessary that air traffic
control has some form of positive
executive control over aircraft flying
in that airspace (however, air traffic
control does not necessarily control
traffic operating under visual flight
rules (VFR) within this airspace).
Airspace may be further subdivided
into a variety of areas and zones,
including those where there are
either restrictions on flying
activities or complete prohibition of
flying activities.
 Controlled airspace

Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers the different classifications of airspace and defined dimensions
within which air traffic control (ATC) service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification.
Controlled airspace consists of,
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• Class E
 • Class A. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flights only are permitted, all flights are
provided with air traffic control service and are separated from each other.
• Class B. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated
from each other.
• Class C. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and IFR flights
are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights. VFR flights are
separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR
flights.
• Class D. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted and all flights are provided with air traffic control service, IFR flights
Classification are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of
VFR flights, VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.
• Class E. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted, IFR flights are provided with air traffic control service and are
separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is
practical. Class E shall not be used for control zones.
• Class F. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and
all flights receive flight information service if requested.
• Class G. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights are
permitted and receive flight information service if requested.
 Class A

Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) up to and including flight

level (FL) 600, including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the coast of the 48

contiguous states and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized, all operation in Class A airspace is conducted under

instrument flight rules (IFR).

 Class B

• Class B Airspace Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface

to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports in terms of
airport operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration of each
Class B airspace area is individually tailored, consists of a surface area
and two or more layers (some Class B airspace areas resemble upside-
down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument
procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. ATC clearance is required
for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that are so cleared
receive separation services within the airspace.
 Class C

Class C Airspace Class C airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above
the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational
control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and have a certain number of IFR
operations or passenger enplanements. Although the configuration of each Class C area is
individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a five NM radius, an
outer circle with a ten NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport
elevation. Each aircraft must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility
providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter must maintain those
communications while within the airspace.
 Class D

Class D airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport
elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational
control tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually
tailored and, when instrument procedures are published, the airspace is normally
designed to contain the procedures. Arrival extensions for instrument approach
procedures (IAPs) may be Class D or Class E airspace. Unless otherwise authorized,
each aircraft must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility
providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain
those communications while in the airspace.
 Class E

Class E Airspace Class E airspace is the controlled airspace not classified as Class A, B, C, or D
airspace. A large amount of the airspace over the United States is designated as Class E airspace. 15-
3 Figure 15-2. An example of a prohibited area, P-40 around Camp David. This provides sufficient
airspace for the safe control and separation of aircraft during IFR operations. Chapter 3 of the
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) explains the various types of Class E airspace. Sectional
and other charts depict all locations of Class E airspace with bases below 14,500 feet MSL. In areas
where charts do not depict a class E base, class E begins at 14,500 feet MSL. In most areas, the
Class E airspace base is 1,200 feet AGL. In many other areas, the Class E airspace base is either the
surface or 700 feet AGL. Some Class E airspace begins at an MSL altitude depicted on the charts,
instead of an AGL altitude. Class E airspace typically extends up to, but not including, 18,000 feet
MSL (the lower limit of Class A airspace). All airspace above FL 600 is Class E airspace.
 Class F

Class F is not used in the United States. In Canada, Class F is the equivalent of
U.S. special use airspace including restricted and alert areas, while ICAO defines it
as a "hybrid" of Class E and Class G, in which ATC separation guidance is
available but not required for IFR operation.
 Uncontrolled airspace

Class G airspace
Uncontrolled airspace or Class G airspace is the portion of the airspace that
has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. It is therefore designated
uncontrolled airspace. Class G airspace extends from the surface to the base
of the overlying Class E airspace. Although ATC has no authority or
responsibility to control air traffic, pilots should remember there are visual
flight rules (VFR) minimums which apply to Class G airspace.
Airspace
Airspace
 Special use airspace or special area of operation (SAO) is
the designation for airspace in which certain activities
must be confined, or where limitations may be imposed
on aircraft operations that are not part of those activities.
Certain special use airspace areas can create limitations
on the mixed use of airspace. The special use airspace
depicted on instrument charts includes the area name or
number, effective altitude, time and weather conditions of
Special use operation, the controlling agency, and the chart panel
location. On National Aeronautical Charting Group (NACG)
en route charts, this information is available on one of the
airspace end panels. Special use airspace usually consists of:
• Prohibited areas
• Restricted areas
• Warning areas
• Military operation areas (MOAs)
• Alert areas
• Controlled firing areas (CFAs)
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined dimensions within which the
flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other
reasons associated with the national welfare. Prohibited areas in the United
States are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical
charts. The area is charted as a “P” followed by a number (e.g., P-49).
Examples of prohibited areas include Camp David and the National
Mall in Washington, D.C., where the White House and the Congressional
buildings are located.

Prohibited areas
Restricted areas are areas where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which the flight of aircraft,
while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions. Activities within these areas must be confined because of their nature, or limitations may be
imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible,
hazards to aircraft (e.g., artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles). IFR flights may be authorized to transit the airspace and are routed
accordingly. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft
and its occupants. ATC facilities apply the following procedures when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance(including those cleared by ATC
to maintain VFR on top) via a route which lies within joint-use restricted airspace:
• If the restricted area is not active and has been released to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the ATC facility allows the aircraft to
operate in the restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance for it to do so.
• If the restricted area is active and has not been released to the FAA, the ATC facility issues a clearance which ensures the aircraft avoids the
restricted airspace.
• Restricted areas are charted with an “R” followed by a number (e.g., R-4401) and are depicted on the en route chart appropriate for use at the
altitude or FL being flown. Restricted area information can be obtained on the back of the chart.

Restricted areas
Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas; however, the United
States government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning
area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 12 NM outward from
the coast of the United States, containing activity that may be hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such areas is to warn nonparticipating
pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or
international waters or both. The airspace is designated with a “W” followed
by a number (e.g., W-237).

Warning areas.
MOAs consist of airspace with defined vertical and lateral limits established for the
purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Whenever
an MOA is being used, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through an MOA
if IFR separation can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC reroutes or restricts
nonparticipating IFR traffic. MOAs are depicted on sectional, VFR terminal area, and
en route low altitude charts and are not numbered (e.g., “Camden Ridge MOA”).
[Figure 14-5] However, the MOA is also further defined on the back of the sectional
charts with times of operation, altitudes affected, and the controlling agency.

Military operation areas (MOAs)

Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts with an “A” followed by a
number (e.g., A-211) to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may
contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.
Pilots should exercise caution in alert areas. All activity within an alert area
shall be conducted in accordance with regulations, without waiver, and pilots
of participating aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area, shall be equally
responsible for collision avoidance.

Alert areas
CFAs contain activities, which, if not conducted in a controlled environment,
could be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The difference between CFAs
and other special use airspace is that activities must be suspended when a
spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout position indicates an aircraft might
be approaching the area. There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not
cause a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flightpath.

Controlled firing areas (CFAs)

 Cordinates:
131155.92N ;
BENGALURU 0774219.70E
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT,
DEVANHALLI
Type of operation :
IFR
Thank You