Linear system

Lesson 3
Signals and systems
 Linear system
(1) Unit step function

1, t  0 1
u (t )  
0 , t  0 t

Shift a
1
1, t  a
u (t  a)  
0 , t  a t
a

Meiling CHEN 2
 Linear system

(2) Unit impulse function f (t )

1
a
1 Area=1
 (t )  lim [u (t )  u (t  a)]
a 0 a

a t
 (t )
(1)
 (t ) 
d
f (t ) Amplitude 
dt
t
width  0
k (t  a)
(k )

a t
Meiling CHEN 3
 Linear system

(3) Unit doublet function  (t )

 ' (t )
(1)

Meiling CHEN 4
 Linear system

Sampling

f (t ) f * (t )

…
t t


f * (t )   f (t ) (t  nT )
n  

Meiling CHEN 5
 Linear system
(4) sign function
 1, t  0

sgn( t )   0, t  0
 1, t  0


(5) Unit ramp signal

r (t )

t, t  0
r (t )  
0, t  0 t

dr (t ) t
u (t )  or r (t )   u ( )d
dt 

Meiling CHEN 6
 Linear system

(6) parabolic signal f p (t )

t 2 , t  0
f p (t )  
 0, t  0 t
(7) sinc signal
f p (t )
sin t
sin c(t ) 
t

Meiling CHEN 7
 Linear system

Signal Classification

• Periodic and aperiodic

• Even and odd
• Real and complex
• Continuous-time and discrete-time
• Deterministic and stochastic (random)
• Causal and noncausal

Meiling CHEN 8
 Linear system

Periodic signals f (t )  f (t  T p )

f (t )
Even signals

f (t )  f (t )
t

odd signals f (t )

f (t )   f (t )
t

Meiling CHEN 9
 Linear system

Causal signals f (t )  0, for all t 0

Anticausal signals f (t )  0, for all t 0

Meiling CHEN 10
 Linear system
Causal and noncausal system
Example: distinguish between causal and noncausal systems
in the following:
u (t )

1 2 t

(1) Case I y (t )  u (t )

y (t )
when t  1 u (t )  0
but y (t )  0

2 1 t
Noncausal system
Meiling CHEN 11
 Linear system
(2) Case II y (t )  u (t   )

y (t )
Delay system

1   2  t causal system

(3) Case III y (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)

causal system
At present past

Meiling CHEN 12
 Linear system

(4) Case IV y (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)

noncausal system
At present future

(5) Case V y(t )  u(t 2 ) if u(t ) is unit step

y (t )
when t0 u (t )  0
but y (t )  0
t
noncausal system
Meiling CHEN 13
 Linear system

Signal operations
• Simple operation : ＋、－
• Convolution : *

Meiling CHEN 14
 Linear system
simple operation
f (t )

f (t )  u (t )  r (t )  r (t  1)

u (t )
r (t  1)

r (t )

Meiling CHEN 15
 Linear system

g (t )  v(t )   v( ) g (t   )d

Convolution Integral : 
  v(t   ) g (t )d  v(t )  g (t )

 (t ) h(t )

Linear system

u (t ) u (t )  h(t )

Linear system …

Meiling CHEN 16
 Linear system
 (t )
Linear system
h(t )
I.C.=0
Impulse response

L[h(t )]  H ( s ) Transfer function of the system

f (t ) Linear system y zs (t )
I.C.=0
Any input Zero state response

y zs (t )  f (t )  h(t )
Meiling CHEN 17
 Linear system
Example : Graphical convolution

u (t ) h(t )  4  t / 2

t t
2 3 8

(1) t  2
h(t   ) u ( )
y (t )  0
t 8 t 2 3

Meiling CHEN 18
 Linear system
(2)  2  t  3
h(t   ) u ( )
t t 
y (t )   2(4  )d
2 2
t 8  2t 3

(3) 3  t  6

h(t   ) u ( )

3 t 
y (t )   2(4  )d
t 8  2 3 t 2 2

Meiling CHEN 19
 Linear system
(4) 6  t  11

u ( ) h(t   )

3 t 
y (t )   2(4  )d
2 t 8 3 t t 8 2

(5) 11  t

u ( )
h(t   )

y (t )  0
2 3 t 8 t

Meiling CHEN 20
 Linear system

t  2 y (t )  0
t t 
2 t 3 y (t )   2(4  )d
2 2
3 t 
Ans: 3t 6 y (t )   2(4  )d
2 2
3 t 
6  t  11 y (t )   2(4  )d
t 8 2
11  t y (t )  0

Meiling CHEN 21
 Linear system
Laplace and convolution

u (t ) y (t )  u (t )  h(t )
h(t )

integral

U (s ) Y ( s)  U ( s) H ( s)
H (s )

Algebra operator

Meiling CHEN 22
 Linear system
Example u (t ) h(t )  4  t / 2

t t
2 3 8
h(t )

u (t )   (t  2)   (t  3)  (t )
L[u (t )]  e 2 s  e 3 s  sU ( s )  u (0  ) 8
3 s
t
e e2s
1 4
U (s)  
8
s 1 1
h (t )   (t )   (t )   (t  8)
 
2 2
1 1
L[( h(t )]  s   e 8 s
2 2
 s 2 H ( s )  sh(0  )  h(0  )
2 s  1  e 8 s
H ( s) 
2s 2
Meiling CHEN 23
 Linear system

(2s  1  e 8 s )(e 2 s  e 3s  1)

Y ( s)  U ( s) H ( s) 
2s 3
Hint: L[ f (t   )u(t   )]  e s f (s)

Meiling CHEN 24
Laplace transform
For causal signals pass through linear time-invariant
causal systems

 where s    j
X (s)  L{x(t )}   x(t )e dt  st
Complex frequency
0

f(t) F(s) f(t) F(s)

0
 (t ) 1 u(t ) sin 0t s 2  02
1
u (t ) cos 0t
s
u(t) s 2  02
s
r(t) 1 n!
u (t )t n
s2 s n1
1
f p (t )  t1 2
2
1
e  at
( s a )
s3

Meiling CHEN 25
 Linear system
Laplace transform properties

L[f (t )  g (t )]  F ( s)  G ( s)
L[e  at f (t )]  F (s  a)
L[ f (t   )u(t   )]  e s f (s)
L[ f (t )]  sF (s)  f (0  )
L[ f ( n) (t )]  s n F (s)  s n1 f (0  )  s n2 f (0  )    f n1 (0  )

 dF ( s )
t
F ( s)
L[  f ( )d ]  L[tf (t )] 
0
s ds
n
d F ( s)
L[t f (t )]  (1)
n n

ds n
Meiling CHEN 26