Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Sukanya R
Department of Mechanical engineering
PESIT-BSC
Books
1. William B. Ribbens, “Understanding
Automotive Electronics”, 6th Edition, Elsevier
Publishing.
2. Robert Bosch Gmbh (Ed.) Bosch Automotive
Electrics and Automotive Electronics Systems
and Components, Networking and Hybrid
Drive, 5th edition, John Wiley& Sons Inc.,
2007.
Module 1
INTAKE
COMPRESSION
POWER
EXHAUST
Engine
Engine
Engine
Engine
Engine
Engine
4 STROKE CYCLE
Intake – IV open, TDC to BDC, Draws air fuel
mixture
Compression – BDC to TDC, Spark at TDC
Power – TDC to BDC, Usable power due to
burning air fuel mixture
Exhaust – EV open, BDC to TDC, Burned gases
through exhaust port
Engine
Multiple cylinders, Continual power production
Engine control
Regulate power
Accelerator pedal
Mixture of air
and fuel is compressed
before ignition
Ignition system
• System to ignite air-fuel mixture at the right
instant
• Electric spark produced across gap between a
pair of electrodes of a spark plug
• Spark – millisecond
• Spark ignition using highly efficient pulse
transformer
Ignition system
COMPONENTS:
1. Spark plug
2. Pulse transformers
3. Timing control circuitry
4. Distribution apparatus
Ignition system
SPARK PLUG:
High voltage pulse – 20kV to 40kV between
center electrode and ground electrode
Size of gap, CR, A/F ratio
Pair of electrodes – Center and ground electrodes
Center electrode – Insulated
Ground electrode – Metal shell screwed into
cylinder head
Gap – 0.6mm, 1mm
Ignition system – SPARK PLUG
SPARK PLUG CONFIGURATION
Ignition system
High-Voltage Circuit and Distribution:
• Ignition system : High-voltage pulse initiates the
arc
• The high-voltage pulse is generated by inductive
discharge of a special high-voltage transformer
commonly called an ignition coil
• Distribution of high voltage pulses : A rotary
switch called the distributor
• Spark plug wires connect spark plug center
terminals and the individual terminals in the
distributor cap
Ignition system circuit
Ignition system
Distributor is a device in
the ignition system of
an internal combustion
engine that routes high
voltage from the ignition
coil to the spark plugs in
the correct firing order.
Ignition system
Spark pulse generation:
Breaker points closed - Current
flows in Primary coil
Diaphragm deflects
Transmission
• The transmission provides a match between engine speed
and vehicle speed.
• The transmission is a gear system that adjusts the ratio of
engine speed to wheel speed with a manual transmission,
the driver selects the correct gear ratio from a set of possible
gear ratios
• An automatic transmission selects this gear ratio by means
of an automatic control system
Drivetrain
Transmission
• Automatic transmission consists of a fluid coupling
mechanism( torque converter), system of planetary gear
sets.
• The torque converter is formed from a pair of structures of
a semitoroidal shape
One toroid (PUMP) - engine by the input shaft.
Other (TURBINE) - close proximity, to planetary gear
system
• Both the pump and the turbine have vanes that are
essentially in axial planes
• In addition, a series of vanes are fixed to the frame and are
called the reactor.
Drivetrain
Drivetrain
Transmission
Set of three types of gears
• SUN GEAR – Inner gear
• PLANETARY GEARS - Gears meshed with the
sun gear at equal angles
• These gears are tied together with a cage
• RING GEAR - Section of a cylinder with the
gear teeth on the inside.
• The ring gear meshes with the planetary gears
Drivetrain
Drivetrain
DRIVE SHAFT
Front engine, RWD
Transmission output shaft to differential input
shaft
Universal joints – Rear axle
housing/transmission (RWD)
CV joints – Drive shafts/transmission, Drive
shafts/drive wheels (FWD)
Drivetrain
DIFFERENTIAL
Right angle transfer of rotary motion of drive
shaft to wheels
Allow each driven wheel to rotate at different
speeds
Torque increase by the gear ratio
Transaxle assembly – Transmission,
differential and drive shafts (FWD)
Drivetrain
Suspension
Mechanical assembly that connects wheel to
car body
Isolate car body from the vertical motion of
wheels
Weight of car supported by springs
Shock absorbers – Viscous damping device
Sprung mass, Unsprung mass
Higher spring rate – Front or rear?
Suspension
Suspension
SHOCK ABSORBERS
Cylinder, piston, oil
Cylinder filled with oil
Wheel up or down, similar movement of piston
Damping force proportional to piston velocity
Valves in piston
Magnitude of damping force inverse to aperture
of oil passages
Suspension
Brakes
• Responsible for slowing and stopping vehicle
• Drum and disc brakes
DISC BRAKES
Flat disk attached to wheel
Caliper connected to axle assembly
Pistons mounted on caliper assembly
Brake pedal → Hydraulic pressure forces brake
pads against disc
Braking force – Friction between disk and pads
Electronic control - ABS
Brakes
Brakes
Steering system
• Rotating plane of front wheels in the desired
direction of turn
• Steering angle – Angle b/w front wheel plane
and longitudinal axis of car, proportional to the
rotation angle of the steering wheel
• Restoring torque – Returns wheels parallel to
vehicle longitudinal axis, proportional to
vehicle weight for any given steering angle
Steering system
Steering system
Steering system
Steering system
Power steering
• Engine driven hydraulic pump, hydraulic actuator
and control valve
• High Pr fluid pushes piston → steering linkage
• Hydraulic force – STEERING BOOST
Steering system
Benz Patent Motorwagen 1885
Starter battery
• The starter battery is an electrochemical
storage facility for the excess electrical
energy that is generated by the alternator
while the engine is running.
• Stored energy needed when required energy
during vehicle operation > energy generated by
alternator.
• Battery energy – electrical consumers when
engine is stopped, STARTING engine
Starter battery
Power requirement of electrical system:
• Engine, alternator stationary : 10-50 mA
• Idle speed/ slow drive : 20-70A
• Engine starting : 300A for 0.3-3 s