Eloisa Jane Onez

Rani Mae Biboso

Rasyl Singh
 No.1: Introduction:
Ethical Theories and Traditions Utilitarianism:
Making Decisions Based on Ethical Consequences/
Problems of Utilitarian Ethics
 Ethical theories provide part of
the decision-making when ethics are in
play because these theories represent
the viewpoints from which individuals
seek guidance as they make decisions.

Each theory emphasizes

different points – such as predicting
the outcome and following one’s
duties to others in order to reach what
the individual considers an ethically
correct decision.
Beneficence - The principle guides the
decision maker to do what is right and
good. This priority to “do good” makes
an ethical perspective and possible
solution to an ethical dilemma
acceptable.

Least Harm – It deals with situations in

which no choice appears beneficial. In
such cases, decision makers seek to
choose to do the least harm possible
and to do harm to the fewest people.
Respect for Autonomy - This principle
states that decision making should focus on
allowing people to be autonomous—to be
able to make decisions that apply to their
lives.

Justice - The principle states that decision

makers should focus on actions that are fair
to those involved. This means that ethical
decisions should be consistent with the
ethical theory unless extenuating
circumstances that can be justified exist in
the case.
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Rights
Virtue
 Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a
tradition stemming from the late 18th- and
19th-century English philosophers and
economists Jeremy Bentham and John
Stuart Mill according to which an action is
right if it tends to promote happiness, and
wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of
happiness — not just the happiness of the
performer of the action, but also that of
everyone affected by it. To a utilitarian, the
choice that yields the greatest benefit to
the most people is the one that is ethically
correct.
Act Utilitarianism subscribes precisely to
the definition of utilitarianism—a person
performs the acts that benefit the most
people, regardless of personal feelings
or the societal constraints such as laws.

Rule Utilitarianism takes into account

the law and is concerned with fairness. A
rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most
people but through the fairest and most
just means available.
 Utilitarian determines right from
wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a
form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism
holds that the most ethical choice is the
one that will produce the greatest good
for the greatest number.

It is the only moral framework that

can be used to justify military force or
war. Also, the most common approach to
moral reasoning used in business
because of the way in which it accounts
for costs and benefits.
*Solely focus on happiness when making
decision
*It creates an unrealistic perspective for
society
*Outcomes are unpredictable when
dealing with the future
*Utilitarianism doesn’t focus on the act
itself to form judgments.
*It ignores duty and personal integrity
 No.2: DEONTOLOGY: MAKING DECISION BASED ON
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES / SOURCES OF RULES/ MORAL RIGHTS
AND DUTIES/ DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN MORAL RIGHTS AND
LEGAL RIGHTS
*Honesty *Law abiding
*Integrity *Commitment to
*Promise-Keeping Excellence
*Loyalty *Leadership
*Fairness *Reputation and Moral
*Caring *Accountability
*Respect for Others
*Rule No.1 – Write it Down
*Rule No. 2 – Get Clear About Your
Feelings
*Rule No.3 - Let Go Of Fear
*Rule No. 4 – Recognize Your Values
*Legal rights refer to all those rights found within existing
legal codes.

*Moral rights are not rights in the strict sense, but are better
thought of as moral claims, which may or may not eventually
be assimilated within national or international law. Moral
rights are rights that, it is claimed, exist prior to and
independently from their legal counterparts.

DISTINGUISHING
MORAL RIGHTS AND
LEGAL RIGHTS
 No. 3:
JUSTICE: RAWLSIAN JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS
Rawls constructs justice that citizens are free and equal and
that society should be fair. He sees it as resolving the tensions
between the ideas of freedom and equality, which have been
highlighted both by the socialist critique of liberal democracy
and by the conservative critique of the modern welfare state.
 No. 4:
Virtue Ethics: Making Decisions Based
on Integrity and Character
 Virtue Ethics is a tradition within philosophical
ethics that seeks a full and detailed description of
those character traits, or virtues, that would
constitute a good and full human life.
VIRTUE ETHICS
VIRTUE ETHICS
1. Determine the facts
2. Identify the ethical issues
involved
3. Identify stakeholders
4. Consider the available
alternatives

A DECISION-MAKING MODEL
FOR BUSINESS ETHICS
REVISITED
5. Consider how a decision affects
stakeholders
a. Consequences
i. Beneficial and harmful
consequences
b. Duties, rights, principles
i. What does the law say?
ii. Are there professional duties
involved?
iii. Which principles are most
obligatory?
iv. How are people being treated?
c. Implications for personal integrity
and character
i. What type of person am I
becoming through this decision? A DECISION-MAKING
ii. What are my own principles and
purposes? MODEL FOR
iii. Can I live with public disclosure
of this decision? BUSINESS ETHICS
REVISITED
6.Guidance
7.Assessment

A DECISION-MAKING MODEL
FOR BUSINESS ETHICS
REVISITED