HEADWATERS FLOOD

CONTROL SYSTEMS

PRESENTATION by: GROUP 8

 CAUSES OF FLOODS
• Floods can be caused by;
a. Natural Causes
b. Man Made Causes
• Natural Causes Man Made Causes
a. High Intensity Rainfall a. Urbanization
b. Blockage of River Passages b. Deforestation
c. High Tides, Storm Surge c. Alteration of River Passages
EFFECTS OF FLOOD
• PRIMARY EFFECTS
a. Physical Damage – damage to structures
• SECONDARY EFFECTS
a. Water Supplies – contamination of water
b. Diseases – unhygienic conditions
c. Crops and Foods – shortage of food crops
• TERTIARY AND LONG TERM EFFECTS
a. Psychological – flooding can be traumatic
 MANAGEMENT OF FLOODS
Following are some control methods to prevent flood.

• Forests prevent flood in several ways.

– Forest increase infiltration of rain water and there decrease the quantity
of surface runoff water.
– Forests prevent soil erosion thus prevent silting of the river and other
water bodies.
– The reduction of silting and sedimentation in the river increases. Water
holding capacity of rivers and move water is adjusted and regulated
• Management of rapid discharge of river water.
– Rapid flow of water can be facilitated by reducing meandering of the river.
 MANAGEMENT OF FLOODS

• Reduction of water volume of the river.

– Volume of water in the river can be regulated by
constructing flood control storage reservoirs, such as
dams.
• Minimization of flood effects.
– By constructing levees and embankment using stones,
rock pieces, cement, concrete etc.
– It is possible to prevent outflow of water during rains.
 FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM

DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE

DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
a. Channel debris removal (CDR) - inspecting natural channels on public
and private property and removing debris as appropriate.
b. Problem site maintenance (PSM) - paying special attention to known
problem flooding sites, such as those needing more frequent
inspections.
c. Capital improvement program (CIP) - having a capital improvement
program that corrects drainage problems.
d. Stream dumping regulations (SDR) - if the community has and
publicizes regulations prohibiting dumping in streams, canals, and
ditches.
e. Storage basin maintenance (SBM) - annually
inspecting public and private storage basins and performing the required
maintenance.
 FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM

BANK IMPROVEMENT OR RIPRAPPING

 BANK IMPROVEMENT OR RIPRAPPING
• Riprap - used to protect slopes, stream banks, channels, or areas subject
to erosion by wave action. Rock riprap protects soil from erosion due to
concentrated runoff. It is used to stabilize slopes that are unstable due to
seepage. It is also used to slow the velocity of concentrated runoff which
in turn increases the potential for infiltration.
• Riprap should be checked at least annually and after every major storm
for displaced stones, slumping, and erosion at edges, especially
downstream or down slope. If the riprap has been damaged, it should be
repaired immediately before further damage can take place.
• If the riprap is on a channel bank, the stream should be kept clear of
obstructions such as fallen trees, debris, and sediment bars that may
change flow patterns, which could damage or displace the riprap.
 FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM

WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE

WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
• The operation of the waterway is automatic, so no operation
procedures are required. In order to maintain the automatic
operation, the waterway must be inspected periodically and
any damage repaired in a timely manner.
• Maintenance includes repairing any rills or gullies caused by
water flows or removing silt bars in the bottom. Carry out
earthwork to repair erosion damage or remove sediment
deposits as soon as possible. Re-vegetate disturbed areas.
MAINTENANCE AND
CONTROL WATER
SUPPLY QUALITY
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• Water quality - means
the characteristics of
water which define its
use in terms of physical,
chemical, biological,
bacteriological or
radiological
characteristics by which
the acceptability of
water is evaluated.
 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• Section 5 of Republic Act 9275 or known as the

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
• Objective:
– To protect, thru stakeholders collaboration, the
body and its tributaries by helping their quality
within the Water Quality Guidelines or Criteria.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AREA
• shall designate certain areas as water quality
management areas using appropriate
physiographic units such as watershed, river
basins or water resources regions.
• said management areas shall have similar
hydrological, hydro geological, meteorological or
geographic conditions which affect the
physicochemical, biological and bacteriological
reactions and diffusions of pollutants in the water
bodies, or otherwise share common interest or
face similar development programs, prospects, or
problems.
 Management of Non-attainment Areas.

• It shall designate water bodies, or portions thereof,

where specific pollutants from either natural or man-
made source have already exceeded water quality
guidelines as non-attainment areas for the exceeded
pollutants.
• It shall prepare and implement a program that will not
allow new sources of exceeded water pollutant in
nonattainment areas without a corresponding reduction
in discharges from existing sources:
National Sewerage and Septage
Management Program
• Shall prepare a national program on sewerage and
septage. Such program shall include a priority listing of
sewerage, septage and combined sewerage-septage
projects for LGUs based on population density and
growth, degradation of water resources, topography,
geology, vegetation, programs/projects for the
rehabilitation of existing facilities and such other
factors relevant to the protection of water quality.
• On the basis of such national listing, the national
government may allot, on an annual basis, funds for
the construction and rehabilitation of required
facilities.
Domestic Sewage Collection,
Treatment and Disposal
• To provide water supply and sewerage facilities
and/or concessionaires in Metro Manila and other
highly urbanized cities
• It shall be required to connect the existing sewage
line found in all subdivisions, condominiums,
commercial centers, hotels, sports and
recreational facilities, hospitals, market places,
public buildings, industrial complex and other
similar establishments including households to
available sewerage system:
 COMMON CAUSES OF DRAINING
WATER CONTAMINATION
• Corrosion of metal pipes and fittings.
Improper Waste Disposal
 EFFECT OF CONTAMINATION
• LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE
– it is form of interstitial pneumonia that is
normally transmitted via aerosol.
– It is due to precipitation or contamination
of biofilms.
– Biofilms – it is large number of bacteria
including Legionella and etc.
 PREVENTATION OF CONTAMINATION

• Wastewater treatment - Wastewater treatment

consists of removing pollutants from wastewater
through a physical, chemical or biological process.
• Green agriculture - Globally, agriculture accounts for
70% of water resources, so it is essential to have
climate-friendly crops, efficient irrigation that
reduces the need for water and energy-efficient food
production.
• Storm water management - to reduce
runoff of rainwater or melted snow into
streets, lawns and other sites and the
improvement of water quality” according to
the US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
• Water conservation - Without water
conservation, we won’t go very far. It is
central in making sure the world has better
access to clean water.
 GROUP 8
Benito, Charlotte F.
Mejia, Kenneth C.
Ortega, Denise
Pañer, Bianca Rose R.
Tejada Jr., Alejo D.